{"openapi":"3.1.0","info":{"title":"Scite API","description":"The scite.ai API gives access to citation data, scite tallies, related paper metadata, and scite reference check.\n\n# Terms of Use\n\nTerms of use for the scite API can be [found here](https://scite.ai/terms).\n\n# Overview & Terminology\n\n**Target and Source** — In our API, we refer to the source as the publication making the citation and the target as the publication receiving the citation.\n\n
\n Additional Terminology\n

\n\n**Tallies** — Tallies are counts of citations for a particular target including how much a publication has been supported, contradicted, or mentioned. The counts for `total`, `supporting`, `contradicting`, `mentioning` and `unclassified` reflect the number of citation statements made toward the DOI. The count `citingPublications` reflects the number of distinct publications which cite the DOI. This distinction is important because there can be more than one citation statement from a publication. Please note, in our UI and other places we refer to contradicted as contrasted but in our API we refer to it as contradicted.\n\n**Papers** — Papers are the metadata about publications including basic things such as DOI, title, date of publication and more.\n\n**Search*** — The search API allows querying scite's publication metadata and citation data. Citation sources can be queried both by publication metadata such as year, journal and so on, as well as the content of their citation snippets and where/how they occur.\n\n**Reference Check*** — We provide an API for our reference checking capability where a publication can be submitted and its references can be evaluated and linked using scite's data.\n\n**References*** — In our API 'references' refers to what are traditionally called 'citations'. These objects are distinct pairs of source and target DOIs.\n\n_*Some endpoints/features concerning these resources are restricted without an Authentication Token — please see the [Authentication section](#description/authentication) for more information._\n\n

\n
\n\n\n# Authentication\n\nScite Endpoints require tokens in order to be used (aside from tallies and papers endpoints). Please contact [sales@scite.ai](mailto:sales@scite.ai) for more information.\n\n### Rate Limiting\n\nWithout an Authentication Token, the default rate limit is up to 10 requests per second, up to 40 requests per minute.\n\nThe `/tallies/{{doi}}`, `/tallies/aggregate` and `/papers/{{doi}}` endpoints are uncapped.\n\n### Example Token Usage\n\nAuthentication tokens can be passed be used on the Authorization header:\n\n```\nAuthorization: Bearer \n```\n\nFor example:\n\n```bash\n$ curl -H 'Authorization: Bearer ' 'https://api.scite.ai/reference_check/tasks/123/cancel'\n```\n\nThis can be used to access restricted endpoints or bypass rate limits.\n\nIf you would like to obtain an authentication token for heavier or advanced API usage please contact us at [hi@scite.ai](mailto:hi@scite.ai).\n\n# MCP API (Model Context Protocol)\n\nThe MCP API allows AI agents and tools to search scientific literature using the [Model Context Protocol](https://modelcontextprotocol.io/).\n\nFor details on setting up the scite MCP server with clients like Claude Desktop, ChatGPT, and others, see [scite.ai/mcp](https://scite.ai/mcp).\n\n## Authentication\n\nThere are two ways to authenticate with the MCP API:\n\n### Option 1: OAuth 2.1 (Interactive)\n\nFor browser-based MCP clients (e.g. Claude Desktop, ChatGPT), the standard OAuth 2.1 flow with PKCE is supported automatically. A scite premium subscription is required. See [scite.ai/mcp](https://scite.ai/mcp) for client-specific setup instructions.\n\n**PKCE and a client_id are required.** The authorization endpoint mandates the OAuth 2.1 authorization code flow with PKCE: every request to `/mcp/oauth/authorize` must include `client_id`, `code_challenge`, and `code_challenge_method=S256`. A `client_id` is obtained automatically via Dynamic Client Registration (DCR) — clients discover the registration endpoint from `/.well-known/oauth-authorization-server` and register themselves.\n\nSome platforms (e.g. **Microsoft Copilot Studio**) default to a plain OAuth 2.0 connector with PKCE and DCR turned **off**. With those disabled the authorize request omits the required parameters and the server responds with an `invalid_request` error. When configuring such a client, enable **PKCE** and use **DCR-with-discovery** (or supply a registered `client_id`).\n\n### Option 2: API Key (Programmatic)\n\nFor server-to-server or CLI integrations, you can use an API key issued by scite. Contact sales@scite.ai to obtain credentials.\n\n**Step 1: Exchange your credentials for a bearer token**\n\n```bash\ncurl -X POST 'https://api.scite.ai/auth_token_users/token' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '{\n \"client_id\": \"\",\n \"client_secret\": \"\",\n \"grant_type\": \"client_credentials\"\n }'\n```\n\nResponse:\n```json\n{\n \"access_token\": \"eyJhbG...\",\n \"token_type\": \"bearer\",\n \"expire_in\": 1711234567\n}\n```\n\nThe access token expires after 2 hours. Request a new one when it expires.\n\n**Step 2: Use the bearer token to call the MCP endpoint**\n\n```bash\ncurl -X POST 'https://api.scite.ai/mcp' \\\n -H 'Authorization: Bearer ' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '{\n \"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"method\": \"tools/call\",\n \"params\": {\n \"name\": \"search_literature\",\n \"arguments\": { \"term\": \"CRISPR gene editing\" }\n }\n }'\n```\n\n## Endpoints\n\n| Method | Path | Description |\n|--------|------|-------------|\n| GET | `/mcp/info` | Server info and capabilities |\n| POST | `/mcp` | JSON-RPC 2.0 endpoint for tool calls |\n| GET | `/mcp/health` | Health check |\n\n## Available Methods\n\n| Method | Description |\n|--------|-------------|\n| `initialize` | Returns protocol version and server capabilities |\n| `tools/list` | Lists available tools and their schemas |\n| `tools/call` | Execute a tool (e.g. `search_literature`) |\n| `ping` | Heartbeat check |\n\n## Example: Search Literature\n\n```bash\ncurl -X POST 'https://api.scite.ai/mcp' \\\n -H 'Authorization: Bearer ' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '{\n \"jsonrpc\": \"2.0\",\n \"id\": \"1\",\n \"method\": \"tools/call\",\n \"params\": {\n \"name\": \"search_literature\",\n \"arguments\": {\n \"term\": \"\\\"machine learning\\\" AND healthcare\",\n \"limit\": 5,\n \"sort\": \"date\",\n \"sort_order\": \"desc\"\n }\n }\n }'\n```\n\nThe `search_literature` tool supports Boolean operators (`AND`, `OR`, `NOT`), phrase search (`\"exact phrase\"`), and 25+ filter parameters including `author`, `journal`, `year`, `date_from`, `date_to`, `has_retraction`, and citation count filters.\n\nUse `tools/list` to see the full input schema.\n\n# Assistant API\n\nThe assistant API consists of two endpoints:\n- [POST /api_partner/assistant/poll](#post-apipartnerassistantpoll) for starting an assistant task\n- [GET /api_partner/assistant/tasks/{task_id}](#post-apipartnerassistanttaskstask_id) for polling the task\n\nBoth endpoints require an authorization header with a valid JWT token issued by scite with the correct scope.\n\n## POST /api_partner/assistant/poll\n\n```bash\ncurl 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/assistant/poll' \\\n -H 'Accept: application/json' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -H 'Authorization: Bearer ' \\\n --data-raw '{\"turns\":[{\"role\":\"user\",\"content\":\"How does the structure of a protein affect its function?\"}],\"user_input\":\"How does the structure of a protein affect its function?\",\"session_id\":null,\"alwaysUseReferences\":false,\"neverUseReferences\":false,\"abstractsOnly\":false,\"fullTextsOnly\":false,\"numReferences\":25,\"rankBy\":\"all\",\"answerLength\":\"medium\",\"yearFrom\":\"\",\"yearTo\":\"\",\"topics\":[],\"journals\":[],\"publicationTypes\":[],\"citationStyle\":\"ieee\",\"dashboards\":[],\"referenceChecks\":[],\"dois\":[]}' \\\n --compressed\n```\n\n## Request Body\n\nFor a single turn use of assistant it is suffecient to use a turn structure like this:\n```JSON\n{\n \"role\": \"user\",\n \"content\": \"How does the structure of a protein affect its function?\"\n}\n```\nMultiple turns can be provided by adding more turn objects to the `turns` array.\n\n\n## Request Response\n\nThe response will consist of a `{ id: task_id }` which can be used to poll the task.\n\n\n## GET /api_partner/assistant/tasks/{task_id}\n```bash\ncurl 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/assistant/tasks/{task_id}' \\\n -H 'Accept: application/json' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -H 'Authorization: Bearer ' \\\n --compressed\n```\n\n## Request Response\n\nThe response will consist of a status indicating the status of the task.\nYou will need to poll the task until the status is `SUCCESS`.\nWhile the task status is not `SUCCESS` the response will contain a `info` field with information about the current state of the task such as the currently generated content, search strategies, and search.\n\n## Using Tables Mode\n\nYou can use tables mode by setting `useStructuredResponse` to true in the request body of the POST /api_partner/assistant/poll endpoint.\n\n## Using rankBy Parameter\nThe `rankBy` parameter allows you to control how results are ranked and sorted in your API queries. You can specify this parameter to tailor the ordering of results according to your needs.\nPossible values for `rankBy` are:\n- `all`: A combinatino of the below factors.\n- `relevance`: Sorts results by relevance to the query.\n- `date`: Sorts results by publication date (most recent first).\n- `citations`: Sorts results by the number of citations.\n- `supporting-citations`: Sorts results by the number of supporting citations.\n- `contrasting-citations`: Sorts results by the number of contrasting (contradicting) citations.\n- `journal-rank`: Sorts results by the rank or impact of the journal.\nExample usage in a request body:\n```json\n{\n \"query\": \"example query\",\n \"rankBy\": \"relevance\"\n}\n","version":"latest","x-logo":{"url":"https://cdn.scite.ai/assets/images/logo-blue.svg"}},"paths":{"/issn-sji":{"get":{"tags":["Journal"],"summary":"Get scite journal index for ISSN","description":"Read the scite Journal Index for a single ISSN.\n\nFor example: https://api.scite.ai/issn-sji?issn=2232-9935.","operationId":"get_issn_sji_issn_sji_get","parameters":[{"name":"issn","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Journal ISSN to lookup.","examples":["2232-9935"],"title":"Issn"},"description":"Journal ISSN to lookup."},{"name":"year","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Year to look at SJI from. Leave blank for all years.","title":"Year"},"description":"Year to look at SJI from. Leave blank for all years.","examples":{"example-1":{"summary":"Single year","value":"2005"},"example-2":{"summary":"Multiple years","value":"1998,1999,2008"}}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/IssnSjiResponse"},"title":"Response Get Issn Sji Issn Sji Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/issn-sji-bulk":{"post":{"tags":["Journal"],"summary":"Get scite journal index for multiple ISSNs","description":"Get multiple scite journal indices for multiple ISSNs.\n\nUp to 500 ISSNs can be specified at once.","operationId":"get_issns_sji_issn_sji_bulk_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["2232-9935","2623-1247"]],"title":"Issns"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/IssnSjiBulkResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.post(\"https://api.scite.ai/issn-sji-bulk\", json=['2232-9935', '2623-1247'])\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X POST \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/issn-sji-bulk' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '[\"2232-9935\", \"2623-1247\"]'"},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.post(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/issn-sji-bulk',\n [\n '2232-9935',\n '2623-1247'\n ]\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/issn-editorial-notices":{"get":{"tags":["Journal"],"summary":"Get Issn Editorial Notices","description":"Get multiple editorial notice aggregations for multiple ISSNs.\n\nUp to 500 ISSNs can be specified at once.","operationId":"get_issn_editorial_notices_issn_editorial_notices_get","parameters":[{"name":"issn","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Comma separated list of ISSNs to lookup.","examples":["0006-3223,1110-0168,1100-3312"],"title":"Issn"},"description":"Comma separated list of ISSNs to lookup."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/IssnEditorialNoticesResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.get(\"https://api.scite.ai/issn-editorial-notices\", params={\n issn: \"0006-3223,1110-0168,1100-3312\"\n})\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X GET \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/issn-editorial-notices?issn=0006-3223,1110-0168,1100-3312' \\\n "},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.get(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/issn-editorial-notices',{\n params: {\n issn: \"0006-3223,1110-0168,1100-3312\"\n }\n }\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/api_partner/citations/citing/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Smart Citation Graph"],"summary":"Receive citations with the DOI as a target paper","description":"Get citations made toward a given DOI.\n\nCan also return relevant paper metadata and tallies for citation sources.\n\nResults can be filtered both by a list of source_dois and a list of\nto limit output.\n\nThis endpoint requires an API token with special access. For\nmore information, please contact us at sales@scite.ai","operationId":"read_citations_external_api_partner_citations_citing__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"papers","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source paper metadata.","default":false,"title":"Papers"},"description":"Also fetch source paper metadata."},{"name":"tallies","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source tally metadata.","default":false,"title":"Tallies"},"description":"Also fetch source tally metadata."},{"name":"limit","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Can be used in conjunction with offset to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000.","title":"Limit"},"description":"Can be used in conjunction with offset to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000."},{"name":"offset","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Can be used in conjunction with limit to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000.","title":"Offset"},"description":"Can be used in conjunction with limit to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationsExternalSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/citations/cited_by/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Smart Citation Graph"],"summary":"Receive citations with the DOI as a source paper","description":"Get citations made from a given DOI.\n\nNote that the citation statements are excluded from the output.\n\nCan also return relevant paper metadata and tallies for citation sources.\n\nThis endpoint requires an API token with special access. For\nmore information, please contact us at sales@scite.ai","operationId":"read_citations_cited_by_external_api_partner_citations_cited_by__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"papers","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source paper metadata.","default":false,"title":"Papers"},"description":"Also fetch source paper metadata."},{"name":"tallies","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source tally metadata.","default":false,"title":"Tallies"},"description":"Also fetch source tally metadata."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationsCitedByExternalSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/references/references_to/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["References"],"summary":"Retrieve distinct references to a publication","description":"Gets distinct references to a given DOI.\n\nCan also return relevant paper metadata and tallies for reference sources.\n\nResults can be filtered by a list of source_dois to limit output.\n\nNote that this endpoint requires an API token for usage.","operationId":"read_references_to_external_api_partner_references_references_to__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"papers","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source paper metadata.","default":false,"title":"Papers"},"description":"Also fetch source paper metadata."},{"name":"tallies","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source tally metadata.","default":false,"title":"Tallies"},"description":"Also fetch source tally metadata."},{"name":"source_doi[]","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"description":"Only return references from these sources.","examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1038/msb.2012.40"]],"default":[],"title":"Source Doi[]"},"description":"Only return references from these sources."},{"name":"limit","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Can be used in conjunction with offset to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000.","title":"Limit"},"description":"Can be used in conjunction with offset to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000."},{"name":"offset","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Can be used in conjunction with limit to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000.","title":"Offset"},"description":"Can be used in conjunction with limit to page through references if the total count exceeds 3,000."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReferencesResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/references/references_from/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["References"],"summary":"Retrieve distinct references from a publication","description":"Gets distinct references from a given DOI.\n\nCan also return relevant paper metadata and tallies for references.\n\nNote that this endpoint requires an API token for usage.","operationId":"read_references_from_external_api_partner_references_references_from__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"papers","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source paper metadata.","default":false,"title":"Papers"},"description":"Also fetch source paper metadata."},{"name":"tallies","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"Also fetch source tally metadata.","default":false,"title":"Tallies"},"description":"Also fetch source tally metadata."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReferencesResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/assistant/poll":{"post":{"tags":["Assistant"],"summary":"Query Assistant For Polling","description":"Submit a question to the scite Assistant. Returns a task ID that you poll via `GET /api_partner/assistant/tasks/{task_id}`.\n\n## Required Fields\n\n### `turns` — Conversation History\n\nThe conversation history as a list of turn objects. Each turn has a `role` (`\"user\"` or `\"assistant\"`) and `content`. For a new conversation, provide a single user turn:\n\n```json\n{\n \"turns\": [{\"role\": \"user\", \"content\": \"How does protein structure affect function?\"}]\n}\n```\n\nFor multi-turn conversations, include the full history. Assistant turns should include `references`, `searchStrategy`, `model`, `settings`, and `publicationsConsulted` from previous responses.\n\n### `userInput` — Current Question\n\nThe current user question (should match the last user turn's content). Used independently for search strategy generation and tool selection.\n\n---\n\n## Reference Behavior Control\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `alwaysUseReferences` | bool | false | Force reference retrieval even for non-scientific questions |\n| `neverUseReferences` | bool | false | Skip reference retrieval entirely (takes precedence over `alwaysUseReferences`) |\n| `numReferences` | int | 25 | Maximum reference passages to include in LLM context |\n| `referenceChecks` | list[str] | [] | Celery task IDs from uploaded documents (reference check feature) |\n| `searches` | list[str] | [] | Pre-defined search queries (skips auto-generation) |\n\n---\n\n## Search Filtering\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `yearFrom` / `yearTo` | str or null | null | Filter by date range (4-digit year or ISO date) |\n| `topics` | list[str] | [] | Filter by research topics |\n| `citationSections` | list[str] | [] | Filter citations by paper section: `results`, `discussion`, `conclusion`, `methods`, `introduction` |\n| `publicationTypes` | list[str] | [] | Filter by type: `review`, `systematic review`, `meta-analysis`, `practice guideline`, `journal-article`, etc. |\n| `journals` | list[str] | [] | Filter to specific journal names |\n| `openAccessOnly` | bool | false | Only return open access publications |\n| `abstractsOnly` | bool | false | Only use paper abstracts (excludes citation statements) |\n| `fullTextsOnly` | bool | false | Only use citation statements (excludes abstracts) |\n\n---\n\n## Paper Selection\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `dois` | list[str] | [] | Specific DOIs to scope the search to. DOIs in `userInput` are auto-extracted and merged. |\n| `dashboards` | list[int] | [] | Collection (dashboard) IDs to pull DOIs from. Requires authenticated user with access. |\n\n---\n\n## Result Ranking — `rankBy`\n\nControls how retrieved results are ranked before being passed to the LLM. Default: `\"all\"`.\n\n| Value | Ranking Strategy |\n|-------|-----------------|\n| `all` | Balanced: relevance + total citations + scite index + date + supporting + contrasting |\n| `relevance` | Semantic relevance only |\n| `date` | Recency + relevance |\n| `citations` | Total citation count + relevance |\n| `supporting-citations` | Supporting citation count + relevance |\n| `contrasting-citations` | Contrasting citation count + relevance |\n| `journal-rank` | Scite journal index + relevance |\n\n---\n\n## Response Configuration\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `answerLength` | str | `\"short\"` | `\"short\"` (~100-200 words), `\"medium\"` (comprehensive), or `\"long\"` (exhaustive) |\n| `model` | str or null | `gpt-5-nano-2025-08-07` | LLM model for response generation (see below) |\n| `reasoningEffort` | str or null | null | `\"minimal\"`, `\"low\"`, `\"medium\"`, or `\"high\"` — only for reasoning models |\n\n### Available Models\n\n| Model ID | Provider | Notes |\n|----------|----------|-------|\n| `claude-sonnet-4-6` | Anthropic | 200K context, 64K max output |\n| `claude-opus-4-6` | Anthropic | 200K context, 128K max output |\n| `claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929` | Anthropic | 200K context, 64K max output |\n| `claude-opus-4-5-20251101` | Anthropic | 200K context, 64K max output |\n| `claude-haiku-4-5-20251001` | Anthropic | 200K context, 64K max output |\n| `gpt-5-nano-2025-08-07` | OpenAI | **Default.** 400K context. Reasoning model |\n| `gpt-5-mini-2025-08-07` | OpenAI | 400K context. Reasoning model |\n| `gpt-5.2-2025-12-11` | OpenAI | 400K context. Reasoning model. Supports `reasoningEffort` |\n\nIf one provider fails, the system automatically falls back to the other. Unsupported or retired model strings automatically fall back to the default (`gpt-5-nano-2025-08-07`).\n\n---\n\n## Structured Response Mode\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `useStructuredResponse` | bool | false | Return per-reference structured data instead of prose |\n| `jsonResponseType` | str or null | null | `null` (full detail), `\"concise\"`, or `\"boolean\"` (yes/no screening) |\n| `reprocessTurnIdx` | int or null | null | Index of an existing turn to reprocess |\n| `columnSlug` | str or null | null | Slug of a specific column to reprocess |\n\n---\n\n## Patent Modes\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `usePatentMode` | bool | false | Search patents only (no academic papers) |\n| `useMixedPatentMode` | bool | false | Search both patents and academic papers |\n\n---\n\n## Session Management\n\n| Field | Type | Default | Description |\n|-------|------|---------|-------------|\n| `sessionId` | int or null | null | Existing session ID to continue a conversation |\n\n---\n\n## Response\n\nReturns `{\"id\": \"\"}`. If the user is rate-limited, also includes `\"usage\": {\"used\": N, \"max\": M}`.\n\n---\n\n## Examples\n\n**Basic single question:**\n```json\n{\n \"turns\": [{\"role\": \"user\", \"content\": \"What is the effect of exercise on depression?\"}],\n \"userInput\": \"What is the effect of exercise on depression?\"\n}\n```\n\n**DOI-scoped question:**\n```json\n{\n \"turns\": [{\"role\": \"user\", \"content\": \"Summarize the key findings\"}],\n \"userInput\": \"Summarize the key findings\",\n \"dois\": [\"10.1002/cepa.3344\", \"10.1002/hsr2.70931\"]\n}\n```\n\n**Filtered search:**\n```json\n{\n \"turns\": [{\"role\": \"user\", \"content\": \"What do systematic reviews say about mindfulness for anxiety?\"}],\n \"userInput\": \"What do systematic reviews say about mindfulness for anxiety?\",\n \"publicationTypes\": [\"systematic review\", \"meta-analysis\"],\n \"yearFrom\": \"2020\",\n \"rankBy\": \"supporting-citations\",\n \"answerLength\": \"long\"\n}\n```\n\n**Structured response (table mode):**\n```json\n{\n \"turns\": [{\"role\": \"user\", \"content\": \"Does each paper support the hypothesis that X causes Y?\"}],\n \"userInput\": \"Does each paper support the hypothesis that X causes Y?\",\n \"useStructuredResponse\": true,\n \"jsonResponseType\": \"boolean\",\n \"dois\": [\"10.1234/a\", \"10.1234/b\", \"10.1234/c\"]\n}\n```","operationId":"query_assistant_for_polling_api_partner_assistant_poll_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AssistantRequestSchema"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AssistantPollingResponseSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/assistant/tasks/{task_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Assistant"],"summary":"Get Assistant Task","description":"Poll the status and results of an assistant task. Call this endpoint repeatedly until the status is `SUCCESS`.\n\n## Task States\n\n| Status | Description |\n|--------|-------------|\n| `PENDING` | Task is queued, not yet started |\n| `STARTED` | Task is actively processing — `info` contains progress details |\n| `SUCCESS` | Task completed — `result` contains the full response |\n| `FAILURE` | Task failed — `error` contains the error message |\n| `CANCELLED` | Task was cancelled via the cancel endpoint |\n| `REVOKED` | Task was revoked |\n\n## Progress Info (during `STARTED`)\n\nWhile the task is running, the `info` field provides real-time progress:\n\n```json\n{\n \"id\": \"abc123\",\n \"status\": \"STARTED\",\n \"info\": {\n \"step\": \"EXECUTING_SEARCHES\",\n \"stepNumber\": 3,\n \"response\": \"partial response text...\",\n \"searches\": [\"query 1\", \"query 2\"],\n \"publicationsUsed\": [\"10.1234/example\"],\n \"publicationsConsulting\": [\"Author et al., Title, Journal, 2024\"],\n \"currentSearch\": \"current query being executed\"\n }\n}\n```\n\n**Processing steps in order:**\n1. `SCHEDULING_ASSISTANT` — task queued\n2. `GENERATING_SEARCH_STRATEGY` — AI generating search queries\n3. `EXECUTING_SEARCHES` — running queries against Elasticsearch\n4. `RETRIEVING_UPLOADED_DOCUMENTS` — loading reference check documents (if applicable)\n5. `RETRIEVING_PRIMARY_SOURCES` — enriching with primary source data\n6. `COMPOSING_RESPONSE` — preparing context for LLM\n7. `GENERATING_RESPONSE` — LLM generating the answer\n\n## Success Result\n\n```json\n{\n \"id\": \"abc123\",\n \"status\": \"SUCCESS\",\n \"result\": {\n \"title\": \"How does protein structure affect function?\",\n \"sessionId\": 42,\n \"slug\": \"how-does-protein-structure-affect-function-xK9mP\",\n \"turns\": [...],\n \"lastUpdated\": \"2025-01-15\",\n \"createdAt\": \"2025-01-15\",\n \"tooManySessions\": false\n }\n}\n```\n\n## Turn Structure\n\nEach assistant turn in the `turns` array contains:\n\n| Field | Type | Description |\n|-------|------|-------------|\n| `role` | str | `\"user\"` or `\"assistant\"` |\n| `content` | str | Response text with numbered citation markers like `[1]`, `[2]` |\n| `structuredResponse` | list or null | Structured response data (when `useStructuredResponse` was true) |\n| `references` | list | Cited references (see below) |\n| `searchStrategy` | list[str] or null | Search queries that were used |\n| `warning` | str or null | Warning message if applicable |\n| `model` | str or null | The model that generated this response |\n| `settings` | dict or null | Settings applied (e.g., AI-suggested `rankBy`, `yearFrom`, `yearTo`) |\n| `publicationsConsulted` | list[dict] or null | All publications considered (including unused ones) |\n\n## Reference Structure\n\nEach reference in the `references` array:\n\n| Field | Type | Description |\n|-------|------|-------------|\n| `answer` | str | The relevant text passage (citation statement or abstract excerpt) |\n| `texts` | list[str] | Text passages used |\n| `context` | str | Surrounding context of the passage |\n| `title` | str | Paper title |\n| `doi` | str | Paper DOI |\n| `link` | str | Link to the scite report page |\n| `type` | str | `\"abstract\"` or `\"citation_statement\"` |\n| `paper` | object | Full paper metadata (title, authors, journal, year, date, abstract, tally, DOI, etc.) |\n| `patent` | object or null | Patent data if from patent search |\n| `refCheckId` | str or null | Reference check task ID if from uploaded document |","operationId":"get_assistant_task_api_partner_assistant_tasks__task_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"task_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Task Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AssistantPollingResponseSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/recommend-papers/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Paper recommendations"],"summary":"Get recommended papers to read given a DOI","operationId":"recommend_papers_given_doi_api_partner_recommend_papers__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SuggestedPaperSchema"},"title":"Response Recommend Papers Given Doi Api Partner Recommend Papers Doi Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/search":{"get":{"tags":["Search"],"summary":"Get search results from a query","operationId":"get_search_api_partner_search_get","parameters":[{"name":"format","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["json","csv","ris"],"type":"string","description":"Result format.","examples":["csv"],"default":"json","title":"Format"},"description":"Result format."},{"name":"term","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Cross-field search term. Can be left blank.","default":"","title":"Term"},"description":"Cross-field search term. Can be left blank."},{"name":"mode","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["all","citations","papers","question-answering"],"type":"string","description":"Select search mode, see above.","default":"all","title":"Mode"},"description":"Select search mode, see above."},{"name":"limit","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"How many results to fetch. Up to 10,000 can be fetched at once.","default":10,"title":"Limit"},"description":"How many results to fetch. Up to 10,000 can be fetched at once."},{"name":"offset","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Can be used for pagination in combination with `limit`.","default":0,"title":"Offset"},"description":"Can be used for pagination in combination with `limit`."},{"name":"sort","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"enum":["date","total_cited","total_supported","total_contrasted","total_mentioned","total_citing_publications"],"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"How the results should be sorted. Leave blank for generic query 'relevance'.","title":"Sort"},"description":"How the results should be sorted. Leave blank for generic query 'relevance'."},{"name":"sort_order","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"enum":["asc","desc"],"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Result sort order for selected sort.","title":"Sort Order"},"description":"Result sort order for selected sort."},{"name":"title","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Match text in publication title.","title":"Title"},"description":"Match text in publication title."},{"name":"abstract","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Match text in publication abstract.","title":"Abstract"},"description":"Match text in publication abstract."},{"name":"date_from","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Match publications published from this date onwards (YYYY-MM-DD or just YYYY).","title":"Date From"},"description":"Match publications published from this date onwards (YYYY-MM-DD or just YYYY)."},{"name":"date_to","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Match publications published up to this date (YYYY-MM-DD or just YYYY).","title":"Date To"},"description":"Match publications published up to this date (YYYY-MM-DD or just YYYY)."},{"name":"citation_types","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"enum":["supporting","contrasting","mentioning"],"type":"string"},"description":"Match smart citations of certain types.","default":[],"title":"Citation Types"},"description":"Match smart citations of certain types."},{"name":"has_retraction","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication has retraction or not.","title":"Has Retraction"},"description":"Publication has retraction or not."},{"name":"has_concern","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication has editorial concern or not.","title":"Has Concern"},"description":"Publication has editorial concern or not."},{"name":"has_correction","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication has correction or not.","title":"Has Correction"},"description":"Publication has correction or not."},{"name":"has_erratum","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication has erratum or not.","title":"Has Erratum"},"description":"Publication has erratum or not."},{"name":"has_withdrawn","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication has been withdrawn or not.","title":"Has Withdrawn"},"description":"Publication has been withdrawn or not."},{"name":"has_tally","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication has smart citations made towards it or not (i.e. a scite tally of > 0).","title":"Has Tally"},"description":"Publication has smart citations made towards it or not (i.e. a scite tally of > 0)."},{"name":"supporting_from","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of supporting citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Supporting From"},"description":"Number of supporting citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"supporting_to","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of supporting citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Supporting To"},"description":"Number of supporting citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"mentioning_from","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of mentioning citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Mentioning From"},"description":"Number of mentioning citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"mentioning_to","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of mentioning citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Mentioning To"},"description":"Number of mentioning citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"contrasting_from","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of contrasting citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Contrasting From"},"description":"Number of contrasting citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"contrasting_to","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of contrasting citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Contrasting To"},"description":"Number of contrasting citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"citing_publications_from","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of traditional citations made from publication AKA the number of references. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Citing Publications From"},"description":"Number of traditional citations made from publication AKA the number of references. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"citing_publications_to","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Number of traditional citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count.","title":"Citing Publications To"},"description":"Number of traditional citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count."},{"name":"author","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication author name.","title":"Author"},"description":"Publication author name."},{"name":"authors","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"default":[],"title":"Authors"}},{"name":"journal","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Journal in which publication appears.","title":"Journal"},"description":"Journal in which publication appears."},{"name":"journals","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"default":[],"title":"Journals"}},{"name":"publisher","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publisher of the publication.","title":"Publisher"},"description":"Publisher of the publication."},{"name":"section","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication section in which citation statement appears.","title":"Section"},"description":"Publication section in which citation statement appears."},{"name":"sections","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"default":[],"title":"Sections"}},{"name":"paper_type","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication type.","title":"Paper Type"},"description":"Publication type."},{"name":"paper_types","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"default":[],"title":"Paper Types"}},{"name":"affiliation","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Author affiliation.","title":"Affiliation"},"description":"Author affiliation."},{"name":"affiliations","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"default":[],"title":"Affiliations"}},{"name":"topic","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Publication topic.","title":"Topic"},"description":"Publication topic."},{"name":"topics","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"default":[],"title":"Topics"}},{"name":"substances","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"description":"Pubchem substance canonical name.","default":[],"title":"Substances"},"description":"Pubchem substance canonical name."},{"name":"mesh_type","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"description":"Pubmed mesh descriptor and/or qualifier for publication.","default":[],"title":"Mesh Type"},"description":"Pubmed mesh descriptor and/or qualifier for publication."},{"name":"compute_aggregations","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","description":"For a given search query, this flag will control whether counts are computed and returned for the possible aggregations.","default":false,"title":"Compute Aggregations"},"description":"For a given search query, this flag will control whether counts are computed and returned for the possible aggregations."},{"name":"aggregations","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"enum":["authors","affiliations","paper_types","journals","topics","substances","mesh_descriptors","editorial_notices","date_histogram_tally","max_date","min_date"],"type":"string"},"description":"List of aggregation types to compute counts for. Only used if `compute_aggregations` is true.","default":["authors","affiliations","paper_types","journals","editorial_notices","date_histogram_tally","topics","mesh_descriptors","substances","max_date","min_date"],"title":"Aggregations"},"description":"List of aggregation types to compute counts for. Only used if `compute_aggregations` is true."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SearchResultsResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/collections/create":{"post":{"tags":["Collections"],"summary":"Create a custom collection (called Dashboards in the UI) from a list of DOIs or a search query","description":"Either 'dois' or 'query' is required to create a dashboard. If both are provided, 'query' will be used.","operationId":"partner_create_custom_dashboard_api_partner_collections_create_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartnerCreateDashboardRQ"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CustomDashboardSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/collections/{collection_slug}":{"get":{"tags":["Collections"],"summary":"Get custom collection (called Dashboards in the UI) by slug","operationId":"partner_get_dashboard_by_slug_api_partner_collections__collection_slug__get","parameters":[{"name":"collection_slug","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Collection Slug"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CustomDashboardSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}},"delete":{"tags":["Collections"],"summary":"Delete custom Collection (called Dashboards in the UI) by slug","operationId":"partner_delete_custom_collection_by_slug_api_partner_collections__collection_slug__delete","parameters":[{"name":"collection_slug","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Collection Slug"}},{"name":"email","in":"query","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","format":"email","title":"Email"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}},"put":{"tags":["Collections"],"summary":"Update a custom collection (called Dashboards in the UI) by slug","description":"Only DOI collections can be updated via this endpoint. Use `/create` for search query based collections.","operationId":"partner_update_custom_collection_by_slug_api_partner_collections__collection_slug__put","parameters":[{"name":"collection_slug","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Collection Slug"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartnerUpdateCollectionRQ"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CustomDashboardSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/papers":{"post":{"tags":["Papers"],"summary":"Get Multiple Papers","description":"Get multiple papers.\n\nPass in a list of DOIs and receive a paper for each one.\n\nUp to 500 papers can be requested at once.","operationId":"get_papers_papers_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1093/brain/awn044"]],"title":"Dois"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PapersResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.post(\"https://api.scite.ai/papers\", json=['10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012', '10.1093/brain/awn044'])\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X POST \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/papers' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '[\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012\", \"10.1093/brain/awn044\"]'"},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.post(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/papers',\n [\n '10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012',\n '10.1093/brain/awn044'\n ]\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]},"get":{"tags":["Papers"],"summary":"Get Multiple Papers","description":"Get multiple papers.\n\nPass in a list of DOIs and receive a paper for each one.\n\nUp to 500 papers can be requested at once.","operationId":"get_papers_papers_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1093/brain/awn044"]],"title":"Dois"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PapersResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/papers/sources/{target_doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Papers"],"summary":"Get Papers by Target","description":"Get papers citing a given DOI.","operationId":"get_target_sources_papers_sources__target_doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"target_doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Target Doi"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PapersResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/papers/resolve-pmid/{pmid}":{"get":{"tags":["Papers"],"summary":"Resolve PMID to DOI","description":"Resolve a PubMed ID (PMID) to a DOI without requiring\nthe paper to exist in the scite database.","operationId":"resolve_pmid_papers_resolve_pmid__pmid__get","parameters":[{"name":"pmid","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Pmid"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/papers/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Papers"],"summary":"Get Single Paper","description":"Get paper metadata for DOI.","operationId":"get_paper_papers__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/patents":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search patents","operationId":"search_patents_api_partner_evidence_patents_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples.","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number"},{"name":"s","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["_relevance","forwardCitationCount","familySize","patents.publications.pubRef.date","patents.appRef.filingDate"],"type":"string","description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), forwardCitationCount, familySize, patents.publications.pubRef.date, patents.appRef.filingDate","default":"_relevance","title":"S"},"description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), forwardCitationCount, familySize, patents.publications.pubRef.date, patents.appRef.filingDate"},{"name":"sortDir","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["asc","desc"],"type":"string","description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance.","default":"desc","title":"Sortdir"},"description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PatentSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.get(\"https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/patents\", params={\n q: \"CRISPR\"\n})\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X GET \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/patents?q=CRISPR' \\\n "},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.get(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/patents',{\n params: {\n q: \"CRISPR\"\n }\n }\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/api_partner/evidence/patents/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get patent schema","description":"Returns all queryable and facetable fields for the patents dataset.","operationId":"get_patents_schema_api_partner_evidence_patents_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Patents Schema Api Partner Evidence Patents Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/patents/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get patent facets","operationId":"get_patents_facets_api_partner_evidence_patents_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/patents/{patent_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get patent detail","operationId":"get_patent_detail_api_partner_evidence_patents__patent_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"patent_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Patent Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PatentDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/grants":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search grants","operationId":"search_grants_api_partner_evidence_grants_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples.","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number"},{"name":"s","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["_relevance","awardStartDate","awardCloseDate","awardNoticeDate","awardAmount","employeeCount"],"type":"string","description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), awardStartDate, awardCloseDate, awardNoticeDate, awardAmount, employeeCount","default":"_relevance","title":"S"},"description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), awardStartDate, awardCloseDate, awardNoticeDate, awardAmount, employeeCount"},{"name":"sortDir","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["asc","desc"],"type":"string","description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance.","default":"desc","title":"Sortdir"},"description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/GrantSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.get(\"https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/grants\", params={\n q: \"neuroscience\"\n})\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X GET \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/grants?q=neuroscience' \\\n "},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.get(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/grants',{\n params: {\n q: \"neuroscience\"\n }\n }\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/api_partner/evidence/grants/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get grants schema","description":"Returns all queryable and facetable fields for the grants dataset.","operationId":"get_grants_schema_api_partner_evidence_grants_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Grants Schema Api Partner Evidence Grants Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/grants/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get grants facets","operationId":"get_grants_facets_api_partner_evidence_grants_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/grants/{grant_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get grant detail","operationId":"get_grant_detail_api_partner_evidence_grants__grant_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"grant_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Grant Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/GrantDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search clinical trials","operationId":"search_clinical_trials_api_partner_evidence_clinical_trials_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples.","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number"},{"name":"s","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["_relevance","dates.startDate","dates.completedDate","dates.lastUpdatedDate"],"type":"string","description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), dates.startDate, dates.completedDate, dates.lastUpdatedDate","default":"_relevance","title":"S"},"description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), dates.startDate, dates.completedDate, dates.lastUpdatedDate"},{"name":"sortDir","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["asc","desc"],"type":"string","description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance.","default":"desc","title":"Sortdir"},"description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ClinicalTrialSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.get(\"https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials\", params={\n q: \"diabetes\"\n})\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X GET \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials?q=diabetes' \\\n "},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.get(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials',{\n params: {\n q: \"diabetes\"\n }\n }\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get clinical trials schema","description":"Returns all queryable and facetable fields for the clinical trials dataset.","operationId":"get_clinical_trials_schema_api_partner_evidence_clinical_trials_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Clinical Trials Schema Api Partner Evidence Clinical Trials Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get clinical trials facets","operationId":"get_clinical_trials_facets_api_partner_evidence_clinical_trials_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/clinical-trials/{trial_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get clinical trial detail","operationId":"get_clinical_trial_detail_api_partner_evidence_clinical_trials__trial_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"trial_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Trial Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ClinicalTrialDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search device 510(k) clearances","operationId":"search_device510k_api_partner_evidence_device510k_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples.","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number"},{"name":"s","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["_relevance","device.device_class","device.date_received","decision.decision_date"],"type":"string","description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), device.device_class, device.date_received, decision.decision_date","default":"_relevance","title":"S"},"description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), device.device_class, device.date_received, decision.decision_date"},{"name":"sortDir","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["asc","desc"],"type":"string","description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance.","default":"desc","title":"Sortdir"},"description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get device 510(k) schema","description":"Returns all queryable and facetable fields for the device 510(k) dataset.","operationId":"get_device510k_schema_api_partner_evidence_device510k_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Device510K Schema Api Partner Evidence Device510K Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get device 510(k) facets","operationId":"get_device510k_facets_api_partner_evidence_device510k_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k/{device_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get device 510(k) detail","operationId":"get_device510k_detail_api_partner_evidence_device510k__device_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"device_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Device Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k-summaries":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search 510(k) summary PDFs","operationId":"search_device510k_summaries_api_partner_evidence_device510k_summaries_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples.","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Values must be double-quoted. See the Evidence tag description for examples."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number"},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k-summaries/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get 510(k) summary PDFs schema","operationId":"get_device510k_summaries_schema_api_partner_evidence_device510k_summaries_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Device510K Summaries Schema Api Partner Evidence Device510K Summaries Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k-summaries/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get 510(k) summary PDFs facets","operationId":"get_device510k_summaries_facets_api_partner_evidence_device510k_summaries_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/device510k-summaries/{item_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get 510(k) summary PDF detail","operationId":"get_device510k_summaries_detail_api_partner_evidence_device510k_summaries__item_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"item_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Item Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/mhra":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search MHRA alerts","operationId":"search_mhra_api_partner_evidence_mhra_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Facet fields: ontology.tags, ontology.categories, domain. Date range fields: attachments.file.createdAt (alert publication date), attachments.file.modifiedAt (alert last-updated date). Use gte/lt suffixes for ranges, e.g. attachments.file.createdAtgte:\"2025-01-01\" attachments.file.createdAtlt:\"2026-01-01\".","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Facet fields: ontology.tags, ontology.categories, domain. Date range fields: attachments.file.createdAt (alert publication date), attachments.file.modifiedAt (alert last-updated date). Use gte/lt suffixes for ranges, e.g. attachments.file.createdAtgte:\"2025-01-01\" attachments.file.createdAtlt:\"2026-01-01\"."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number"},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/mhra/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get MHRA schema","operationId":"get_mhra_schema_api_partner_evidence_mhra_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Mhra Schema Api Partner Evidence Mhra Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/mhra/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get MHRA facets","operationId":"get_mhra_facets_api_partner_evidence_mhra_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/mhra/{item_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get MHRA alert detail","operationId":"get_mhra_detail_api_partner_evidence_mhra__item_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"item_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Item Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/maude":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search MAUDE adverse event reports","operationId":"search_maude_api_partner_evidence_maude_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Facet fields: event_type, device.device_class, device.manufacturer_d_name, device.device_report_product_code, device.regulation_number, report_source_code, product_problems, patient.problems. Date range fields: date_received, date_report. Use gte/lt suffixes for ranges, e.g. date_receivedgte:\"2024-01-01\" date_receivedlt:\"2024-07-01\".","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Facet fields: event_type, device.device_class, device.manufacturer_d_name, device.device_report_product_code, device.regulation_number, report_source_code, product_problems, patient.problems. Date range fields: date_received, date_report. Use gte/lt suffixes for ranges, e.g. date_receivedgte:\"2024-01-01\" date_receivedlt:\"2024-07-01\"."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number (1-indexed)","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number (1-indexed)"},{"name":"s","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["_relevance","date_received","date_report"],"type":"string","description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), date_received, date_report","default":"_relevance","title":"S"},"description":"Sort field. Options: _relevance (default), date_received, date_report"},{"name":"sortDir","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["asc","desc"],"type":"string","description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance.","default":"desc","title":"Sortdir"},"description":"Sort direction. Ignored when s is _relevance."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MaudeSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/maude/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get MAUDE schema","operationId":"get_maude_schema_api_partner_evidence_maude_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Maude Schema Api Partner Evidence Maude Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/maude/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get MAUDE facets","operationId":"get_maude_facets_api_partner_evidence_maude_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/maude/{report_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get MAUDE report detail","operationId":"get_maude_detail_api_partner_evidence_maude__report_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"report_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Report Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MaudeDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/faers":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Search FAERS drug adverse event reports","operationId":"search_faers_api_partner_evidence_faers_get","parameters":[{"name":"q","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching.","title":"Q"},"description":"Free-text query. Supports boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and phrase matching."},{"name":"f","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Facet fields: drug.medicinalproduct, drug.brand_name, drug.generic_name, drug.substance_name, drug.manufacturer_name, drug.route, drug.pharm_class_epc, drug.pharm_class_moa, drug.drugindication, reaction.reactionmeddrapt, reaction.reactionoutcome, event.reporttype, event.seriousness_type, event.occurcountry, event.patientsex, primarysource.qualification, primarysource.reportercountry. Date range fields: event.receivedate, event.receiptdate, event.transmissiondate, drug.drugstartdate, drug.drugenddate. Use gte/lt suffixes for ranges, e.g. event.receivedategte:\"2024-01-01\" event.receivedatelt:\"2025-01-01\".","title":"F"},"description":"Space-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. Facet fields: drug.medicinalproduct, drug.brand_name, drug.generic_name, drug.substance_name, drug.manufacturer_name, drug.route, drug.pharm_class_epc, drug.pharm_class_moa, drug.drugindication, reaction.reactionmeddrapt, reaction.reactionoutcome, event.reporttype, event.seriousness_type, event.occurcountry, event.patientsex, primarysource.qualification, primarysource.reportercountry. Date range fields: event.receivedate, event.receiptdate, event.transmissiondate, drug.drugstartdate, drug.drugenddate. Use gte/lt suffixes for ranges, e.g. event.receivedategte:\"2024-01-01\" event.receivedatelt:\"2025-01-01\"."},{"name":"p","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","description":"Page number (1-indexed)","default":1,"title":"P"},"description":"Page number (1-indexed)"},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersSearchResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/faers/schema":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get FAERS schema","operationId":"get_faers_schema_api_partner_evidence_faers_schema_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"object","additionalProperties":true,"title":"Response Get Faers Schema Api Partner Evidence Faers Schema Get"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/faers/facets":{"post":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get FAERS facets","operationId":"get_faers_facets_api_partner_evidence_faers_facets_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PartialFacetsRequest"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetsResponseModel"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/api_partner/evidence/faers/{report_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Evidence"],"summary":"Get FAERS report detail","operationId":"get_faers_detail_api_partner_evidence_faers__report_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"report_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Report Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersDetailResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/tallies":{"post":{"tags":["Tallies"],"summary":"Get Tallies","description":"Get multiple smart citation tallies.\n\nPass in a list of DOIs and receive a tally for each one.\n\nUp to 500 tallies can be requested at once.","operationId":"get_tallies_tallies_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1093/brain/awn044"]],"title":"Dois"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SmartCitationTalliesSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.post(\"https://api.scite.ai/tallies\", json=['10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012', '10.1093/brain/awn044'])\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X POST \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/tallies' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '[\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012\", \"10.1093/brain/awn044\"]'"},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.post(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/tallies',\n [\n '10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012',\n '10.1093/brain/awn044'\n ]\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]},"get":{"tags":["Tallies"],"summary":"Get Tallies","description":"Get multiple smart citation tallies.\n\nPass in a list of DOIs and receive a tally for each one.\n\nUp to 500 tallies can be requested at once.","operationId":"get_tallies_tallies_get","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1093/brain/awn044"]],"title":"Dois"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SmartCitationTalliesSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/tallies/cited-by-sections/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Tallies"],"summary":"Get Section Tally","description":"Get section tally for given DOI","operationId":"get_section_tally_tallies_cited_by_sections__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"use_view","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"boolean","default":true,"title":"Use View"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SectionTallyResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/tallies/cited-by-sections":{"post":{"tags":["Tallies"],"summary":"Get Section Tallies","description":"Get multiple section tallies.\n\nPass in a list of DOIs and receive a tally for each one\n indicating how many times it was cited within\n various sections -- Intro, Methods, Results, Discussion,\n or Other.\n\nUp to 500 tallies can be requested at once.","operationId":"get_section_tallies_tallies_cited_by_sections_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1093/brain/awn044"]],"title":"Dois"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SectionTalliesSchema"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.post(\"https://api.scite.ai/tallies/cited-by-sections\", json=['10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012', '10.1093/brain/awn044'])\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X POST \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/tallies/cited-by-sections' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '[\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012\", \"10.1093/brain/awn044\"]'"},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.post(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/tallies/cited-by-sections',\n [\n '10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012',\n '10.1093/brain/awn044'\n ]\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/tallies/{doi}":{"get":{"tags":["Tallies"],"summary":"Get Tally","description":"Get smart citation tally for given DOI.","operationId":"get_tally_tallies__doi__get","parameters":[{"name":"doi","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/tallies/aggregate":{"post":{"tags":["Tallies"],"summary":"Get Aggregate Tally","description":"Get the sum of multiple tallies by DOI.\n\nUp to 100 DOIs can be requested.","operationId":"get_aggregate_tally_tallies_aggregate_post","parameters":[{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"required":true,"content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"string"},"examples":[["10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.014"]],"title":"Dois"}}}},"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AggregateTallyResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}},"x-codeSamples":[{"lang":"Python","label":"Python (requests)","source":"import requests\nfrom pprint import pprint\n\nres = requests.post(\"https://api.scite.ai/tallies/aggregate\", json=['10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012', '10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.014'])\nresult = res.json()\n\npprint(result)"},{"lang":"Bash","label":"cURL","source":"curl -X POST \\\n 'https://api.scite.ai/tallies/aggregate' \\\n -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \\\n -d '[\"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012\", \"10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.014\"]'"},{"lang":"JavaScript","label":"Javascript (axios)","source":"const axios = require('axios')\n\nasync function main() {\n const { data: result } = await axios.post(\n 'https://api.scite.ai/tallies/aggregate',\n [\n '10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012',\n '10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.014'\n ]\n )\n\n console.log(result)\n}\n\nmain()"}]}},"/reference_check":{"post":{"tags":["Reference Check"],"summary":"Post Reference Check","description":"Schedule a document for processing.\n\nCan either supply a PDF or docx file directly as a `multipart/form-data`\nupload, or specify a URL where the file can be downloaded.","operationId":"post_reference_check_reference_check_post","parameters":[{"name":"file_url","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"uri","minLength":1},{"type":"null"}],"description":"URL of PDF or DOCX file to process.","title":"File Url"},"description":"URL of PDF or DOCX file to process."},{"name":"pdf_url","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"uri","minLength":1},{"type":"null"}],"deprecated":true,"title":"Pdf Url"},"deprecated":true},{"name":"upload_for","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"enum":["full_text_assistant","reference-check"],"type":"string","description":"Whether to upload for reference check or assistant.","default":"reference-check","title":"Upload For"},"description":"Whether to upload for reference check or assistant."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"requestBody":{"content":{"multipart/form-data":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Body_post_reference_check_reference_check_post"}}}},"responses":{"201":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ScheduleResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/reference_check/tasks/{task_id}":{"get":{"tags":["Reference Check"],"summary":"Get Result","description":"Retrieve reference check job status.\n\nThis allows both fetching the job result and polling for job completion.\n\nWhilst the job is in progress its status will be either\n`PENDING` or `STARTED`.\n\nOnce the job is complete its status will be `SUCCESS` and\nthe result can be read under the `result` key of this response.","operationId":"get_result_reference_check_tasks__task_id__get","parameters":[{"name":"task_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Task Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TaskResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/reference_check/tasks/{task_id}/cancel":{"get":{"tags":["Reference Check"],"summary":"Cancel Task","description":"Cancel task that is scheduled/in progress.\n\nOnce a task is successfully canceled its status will be `CANCELLED`.","operationId":"cancel_task_reference_check_tasks__task_id__cancel_get","parameters":[{"name":"task_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Task Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/reference_check/tasks/{task_id}/result_url":{"get":{"tags":["Reference Check"],"summary":"Get Result Url","description":"Get URL for task result.","operationId":"get_result_url_reference_check_tasks__task_id__result_url_get","parameters":[{"name":"task_id","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Task Id"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ResultUrlResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/journal/{issn}/tallies":{"get":{"tags":["Journal"],"summary":"Get Smart Citation tallies for a journal","description":"Get tally information for a journal given a valid ISSN.\n\nRequires API Key\n\nResponse includes a tally of the number of supporting, mentioning,\n and contrasting citation statements received by publications\n from this journal.","operationId":"get_journal_tallies_journal__issn__tallies_get","parameters":[{"name":"issn","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Issn"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/JournalTallyRS"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/journal/{issn}/yearly-si":{"get":{"tags":["Journal"],"summary":"Get yearly scite index for a journal","description":"Get scite index information for a journal given its slug\n or a valid ISSN, and an optional list of years.\n\nIf no year is specified, returns the various scite index values\n for all years.\n\nTo specify one year in the request, use the following format:\n\n`/journal/{issn}/yearly-si&years={YEAR_ONE}`\n\nTo specify multiple years in the request, use the following format:\n\n`/journal/{issn}/yearly-si&years={YEAR_ONE}&years={YEAR_TWO}`\n\nResponse includes a list of objects, each one containing the `twoYearSi`,\n`fiveYearSi`, `allYearSi` relative to the corresponding year.","operationId":"get_journal_yearly_scite_index_journal__issn__yearly_si_get","parameters":[{"name":"issn","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Issn"}},{"name":"years","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"array","items":{"type":"integer"},"description":"Years to fetch SI for. Leave empty for all years.","examples":[[2020,2021]],"default":[],"title":"Years"},"description":"Years to fetch SI for. Leave empty for all years."},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/JournalYearlySciteIndexesRS"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/dashboards/journal/{slug_or_issn}/article-count":{"get":{"tags":["Journal"],"summary":"Get count of publications for a journal dashboard by slug/ISSN","description":"Get count of publications for scite journal dashboard by valid ISSN.","operationId":"get_journal_dashboard_article_count_dashboards_journal__slug_or_issn__article_count_get","parameters":[{"name":"slug_or_issn","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Slug Or Issn"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardTotalArticleCountRS"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/authors/{author_slug}/papers":{"get":{"tags":["Authors"],"summary":"Retrieve author metadata and papers by author slug.","description":"Retrieve author metadata and papers by author slug.\nNote that these endpoints require an API token for usage.\n\n### Author Slug Format ###\nA valid author slug from the scite database.\n\nExamples of valid author slugs:\nd-hirsch-gLmJld\n\n### Offset & Limit for Paper Pagination ###\n- `offset`: The number of papers to skip before starting to collect the result set. Default is 0.\n- `limit`: The maximum number of papers to return.\nA next page URL will be provided if there are more papers available.","operationId":"get_author_papers_authors__author_slug__papers_get","parameters":[{"name":"author_slug","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Author Slug"}},{"name":"offset","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","default":0,"title":"Offset"}},{"name":"limit","in":"query","required":false,"schema":{"type":"integer","maximum":50,"minimum":1,"description":"Number of paper results to return. Maximum is 50","default":50,"title":"Limit"},"description":"Number of paper results to return. Maximum is 50"},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorWithPapersResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}},"/authors/{author_slug}/stats":{"get":{"tags":["Authors"],"summary":"Retrieve aggregated citation statistics for an author.","description":"Retrieve aggregated citation statistics for an author without fetching all papers.\n\nReturns:\n- `tally`: How this author's papers are cited by others (supporting, contrasting, mentioning counts)\n- `citingTally`: How this author's papers cite other works (supporting, contrasting, mentioning counts)\n- `totalPapers`: Total number of papers by this author\n\nThis endpoint performs the aggregation server-side, eliminating the need for\nclients to fetch all papers in chunks and aggregate locally.","operationId":"get_author_stats_authors__author_slug__stats_get","parameters":[{"name":"author_slug","in":"path","required":true,"schema":{"type":"string","title":"Author Slug"}},{"name":"authorization","in":"header","required":false,"schema":{"type":"string","description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization.","title":"Authorization"},"description":"Set to `Bearer ` to pass token for authorization."}],"responses":{"200":{"description":"Successful Response","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorStatsResponse"}}}},"422":{"description":"Validation Error","content":{"application/json":{"schema":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/HTTPValidationError"}}}}}}}},"components":{"schemas":{"AEEvent":{"properties":{"eventType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Eventtype"},"category":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Category"},"subtitleDisplay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Subtitledisplay"},"subtitle":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"subtitleTotal":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"assessmentMethod":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Assessmentmethod"},"description":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Description"},"counts":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AEEventCount"},"type":"array","title":"Counts"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"AEEvent"},"AEEventCount":{"properties":{"groupId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Groupid"},"events":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Events"},"subjectsAffected":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Subjectsaffected"},"subjectsAtRisk":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Subjectsatrisk"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"AEEventCount"},"AEGroup":{"properties":{"groupId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Groupid"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"description":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Description"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"AEGroup"},"AffiliationResponse":{"properties":{"affiliation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliation"},"affiliationSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliationslug"},"affiliationId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliationid"},"count":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Count"}},"type":"object","title":"AffiliationResponse"},"AggregateTallyResponse":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting"},"contradicting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contradicting"},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning"},"unclassified":{"type":"integer","title":"Unclassified"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"},"citingPublications":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Citingpublications"}},"type":"object","required":["total","supporting","contradicting","mentioning","unclassified"],"title":"AggregateTallyResponse","example":{"citingPublications":449,"contradicting":6,"mentioning":319,"supporting":27,"total":358,"unclassified":6}},"AggregationSchema":{"properties":{"paperTypes":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Papertypes"},"journals":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Journals"},"topics":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Topics"},"substances":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Substances"},"meshDescriptors":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Meshdescriptors"},"editorialNotices":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Editorialnotices"},"authors":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Authors"},"affiliations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_AggregationBucketSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Affiliations"},"dateHistogram":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/_DateBucket"},"type":"array","title":"Datehistogram"},"maxDate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date-time"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Maxdate","description":"Maximum Date","nullable":true},"minDate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date-time"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Mindate","description":"Minimum Date","nullable":true}},"type":"object","title":"AggregationSchema"},"AnswerLengthOptions":{"type":"string","enum":["short","medium","long"],"title":"AnswerLengthOptions"},"AppRef":{"properties":{"docId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docid"},"patentOffice":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patentoffice"},"docNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docnumber"},"kind":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Kind"},"filingDate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date-time"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filingdate"},"epodoc":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/EpodocRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"original":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/OriginalRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"name":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Name"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"AppRef"},"Assignee":{"properties":{"name":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"normalizedName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Normalizedname"},"country":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"orgType":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Orgtype"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Assignee"},"AssistantPollingResponseSchema":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"info":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AssitantPollingInfo"},{"type":"null"}]},"status":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Status"},"result":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AssistantResponseSchema"},{"type":"null"}]},"error":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Error"},"usage":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AssistantUsageSchema"},{"type":"null"}]}},"type":"object","title":"AssistantPollingResponseSchema"},"AssistantRequestSchema":{"properties":{"alwaysUseReferences":{"type":"boolean","title":"Alwaysusereferences","default":false},"neverUseReferences":{"type":"boolean","title":"Neverusereferences","default":false},"abstractsOnly":{"type":"boolean","title":"Abstractsonly","default":false},"fullTextsOnly":{"type":"boolean","title":"Fulltextsonly","default":false},"numReferences":{"type":"integer","maximum":1000.0,"minimum":0.0,"title":"Numreferences","default":25},"rankBy":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/RankByOptions","default":"all"},"answerLength":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AnswerLengthOptions","default":"medium"},"model":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Model"},"reasoningEffort":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReasoningEffortOptions"},{"type":"null"}]},"citationStyle":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/StyleOptions","default":"apa"},"yearFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Yearfrom"},"yearTo":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Yearto"},"topics":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Topics"},"journals":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Journals"},"citationSections":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Citationsections"},"publicationTypes":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Publicationtypes"},"dashboards":{"items":{"type":"integer"},"type":"array","title":"Dashboards"},"referenceChecks":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Referencechecks"},"dois":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Dois"},"useStructuredResponse":{"type":"boolean","title":"Usestructuredresponse","default":false},"usePatentMode":{"type":"boolean","title":"Usepatentmode","default":false},"useMixedPatentMode":{"type":"boolean","title":"Usemixedpatentmode","default":false},"sessionId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sessionid"},"turns":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TurnSchema-Input"},"type":"array","title":"Turns"},"userInput":{"type":"string","title":"Userinput"},"searches":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Searches"},"openAccessOnly":{"type":"boolean","title":"Openaccessonly","default":false},"jsonResponseType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","enum":["concise","boolean"]},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Jsonresponsetype"},"reprocessTurnIdx":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reprocessturnidx"},"columnSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Columnslug"},"anonId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Anonid"},"recaptchaToken":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Recaptchatoken"},"country":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Country"},"saveSession":{"type":"boolean","title":"Savesession","default":true}},"type":"object","required":["turns","userInput"],"title":"AssistantRequestSchema"},"AssistantResponseSchema":{"properties":{"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"sessionId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sessionid"},"turns":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TurnSchema-Output"},"type":"array","title":"Turns"},"turnsTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Turnstotal"},"turnsOffset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Turnsoffset"},"lastUpdated":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdated"},"shareToken":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sharetoken"},"createdAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Createdat"},"hasUploadedReferences":{"type":"boolean","title":"Hasuploadedreferences","default":false},"slug":{"type":"string","title":"Slug","readOnly":true}},"type":"object","required":["slug"],"title":"AssistantResponseSchema"},"AssistantUsageSchema":{"properties":{"used":{"type":"integer","title":"Used"},"max":{"type":"integer","title":"Max"}},"type":"object","required":["used","max"],"title":"AssistantUsageSchema"},"AssitantPollingInfo":{"properties":{"step":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Step"},"stepNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Stepnumber"},"response":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Response"},"structuredResponse":{"anyOf":[{"items":{},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Structuredresponse"},"searches":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Searches"},"publicationsUsed":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publicationsused"},"publicationsConsulting":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publicationsconsulting"},"currentSearch":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Currentsearch"},"dois":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dois"},"factChecks":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FactCheck"},{"type":"null"}]}},"type":"object","title":"AssitantPollingInfo"},"AuthorCitedTally":{"properties":{"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting","default":0},"contrasting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contrasting","default":0},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning","default":0},"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total","default":0},"citingPublications":{"type":"integer","title":"Citingpublications","default":0}},"type":"object","title":"AuthorCitedTally"},"AuthorCitingTally":{"properties":{"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting","default":0},"contrasting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contrasting","default":0},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning","default":0},"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total","default":0},"numCitedPublications":{"type":"integer","title":"Numcitedpublications","default":0}},"type":"object","title":"AuthorCitingTally"},"AuthorResponse":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"normalizedName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Normalizedname"},"displayName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Displayname"},"nameSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Nameslug"},"sourceId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sourceid"},"source":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Source"},"lastKnownAffiliationId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastknownaffiliationid"},"createdAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Createdat"},"lastUpdated":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdated"},"affiliations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AffiliationResponse"},"type":"array","title":"Affiliations"}},"type":"object","title":"AuthorResponse"},"AuthorResults":{"properties":{"authorName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorname"},"authorSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorslug"},"authorSequenceNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorsequencenumber"},"affiliation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliation"},"affiliationSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliationslug"}},"type":"object","title":"AuthorResults"},"AuthorSchema":{"properties":{"family":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Family"},"given":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Given"},"orcid":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Orcid"},"affiliation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliation"},"authorSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorslug"},"authorName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorname"},"authorID":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorid"},"authorLastKnownAffiliationId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorlastknownaffiliationid"},"authorSequenceNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authorsequencenumber"},"affiliationSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliationslug"},"affiliationID":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliationid"}},"type":"object","title":"AuthorSchema"},"AuthorStatsResponse":{"properties":{"author":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorResponse"},"totalPapers":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalpapers","default":0},"tally":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorCitedTally"},"citingTally":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorCitingTally"}},"type":"object","required":["author"],"title":"AuthorStatsResponse"},"AuthorWithPapersResponse":{"properties":{"author":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorResponse"},"papers":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"},"type":"array","title":"Papers"},"totalPapers":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalpapers","default":0},"nextPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","minLength":1,"format":"uri"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Nextpage"}},"type":"object","required":["author","papers"],"title":"AuthorWithPapersResponse"},"Body_post_reference_check_reference_check_post":{"properties":{"file":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"binary"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"File","description":"PDF or DOCX file to process."},"pdf":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"binary"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pdf","deprecated":true}},"type":"object","title":"Body_post_reference_check_reference_check_post"},"Citation":{"properties":{"source":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Source"},"target":{"type":"string","title":"Target"},"snippet":{"type":"string","title":"Snippet"},"refLocation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reflocation"},"section":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Section"}},"type":"object","required":["source","target","snippet"],"title":"Citation"},"CitationExternal":{"properties":{"id":{"type":"integer","title":"Id"},"source":{"type":"string","title":"Source"},"target":{"type":"string","title":"Target"},"negative":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Negative"},"positive":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Positive"},"neutral":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Neutral"},"section":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Section"},"expertClassification":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Expertclassification"},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"typeConfidence":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Typeconfidence"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"selfCites":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SelfCiteSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Selfcites"}},"type":"object","required":["id","source","target"],"title":"CitationExternal"},"CitationSearch":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"source":{"type":"string","title":"Source"},"target":{"type":"string","title":"Target"},"negative":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Negative"},"positive":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Positive"},"neutral":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Neutral"},"section":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Section"},"expertClassification":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Expertclassification"},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"typeConfidence":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Typeconfidence"},"snippet":{"type":"string","title":"Snippet"},"lang":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lang"},"langConfidence":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Langconfidence"},"refLocation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reflocation"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"selfCites":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SelfCiteSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Selfcites"},"snippetHidden":{"type":"boolean","title":"Snippethidden","default":false}},"type":"object","required":["source","target","snippet"],"title":"CitationSearch"},"CitationsCitedByExternal":{"properties":{"id":{"type":"integer","title":"Id"},"source":{"type":"string","title":"Source"},"target":{"type":"string","title":"Target"},"snippet":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Snippet"},"refLocation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reflocation"},"section":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Section"},"expertClassification":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Expertclassification"},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"typeConfidence":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Typeconfidence"},"selfCites":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SelfCiteSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Selfcites"}},"type":"object","required":["id","source","target"],"title":"CitationsCitedByExternal"},"CitationsCitedByExternalSchema":{"properties":{"tallies":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyDB"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Tallies"},"papers":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Papers"},"metadata":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationsMetadataSchema"},"citations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationsCitedByExternal"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"}},"type":"object","required":["metadata","citations"],"title":"CitationsCitedByExternalSchema","example":{"citations":[{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.03.006","type":"supporting","typeConfidence":0.9347509145736694},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","type":"supporting","typeConfidence":0.9346933364868164},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/0894-4105.14.4.588","type":"supporting","typeConfidence":0.8987208008766174},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.03.019","type":"supporting","typeConfidence":0.886359691619873},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.070","type":"supporting","typeConfidence":0.8148044347763062},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/0882-7974.18.3.551","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.7309409499168397},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1093/geront/47.5.613","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.7380741059780122},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/a0021022","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.7380779743194581},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/0882-7974.15.4.617","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.742984014749527},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1007/s11011-012-9281-2","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.03.023","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.jagp.2012.08.004","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.014","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.014","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.031","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.040","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.062","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuron.2006.03.015","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.tics.2010.08.001","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.tins.2006.06.011","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1017/s003329171200150x","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1017/s1355617716000527","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/0735-7044.121.2.249","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[{"family":"Chapman","given":"Benjamin P.","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/a0021377","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/pag0000042","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1089/brain.2010.0001","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1093/geronb/gbp117","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1093/scan/nsv098","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SELFCITE"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1111/jgs.14132","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.318","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09070931","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1177/0891988715598235","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1177/0891988715598235","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1523/jneurosci.2335-09.2009","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.3233/jad-142493","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.3758/cabn.10.1.94","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1006/nimg.1998.0336","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1006/nimg.2001.0978","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1007/s12021-016-9299-4","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.004","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.08.008","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.044","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.063","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.024","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1017/s1355617702870035","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/0894-4105.14.4.588","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/a0019802","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/pag0000042","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1073/pnas.0604187103","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.3389/fnsys.2010.00013","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"methods","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.3758/brm.40.3.879","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(1998100)13:10<717::aid-gps857>3.0.co;2-m","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.048","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.003","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.jagp.2012.08.004","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.011","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.008","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.08.023","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.044","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.025","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.025","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.03.005","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.03.005","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.06.014","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[{"family":"Chapman","given":"Benjamin P.","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/a0021377","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/a0025212","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1037/a0033332","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1038/mp.2008.54","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1038/npp.2010.123","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1038/sj.npp.1301283","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1073/pnas.1602413113","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1093/brain/124.2.287","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1093/scan/nsm029","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1097/01.wnr.0000186596.64458.76","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1186/1471-2458-14-492","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1371/journal.pone.0028421","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.1371/journal.pone.0088763","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1},{"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","target":"10.2466/pr0.95.2.581-582","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1}]}},"CitationsCitingCounts":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"sections":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SectionCounts"},"pubTypes":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Pubtypes"},"journals":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Journals"},"relationships":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/RelationshipCounts"},"dateHistogram":{"additionalProperties":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object"},"type":"object","title":"Datehistogram"},"authors":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Authors"}},"type":"object","required":["total","sections","pubTypes","journals","relationships","dateHistogram","authors"],"title":"CitationsCitingCounts"},"CitationsExternalSchema":{"properties":{"tallies":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyDB"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Tallies"},"papers":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Papers"},"metadata":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationsMetadataSchema"},"citations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationExternal"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"}},"type":"object","required":["metadata","citations"],"title":"CitationsExternalSchema","example":{"citations":[{"id":2155776090,"memberId":78,"negative":0.9638307094573975,"neutral":0.18200477659702302,"positive":0.03134886920452118,"section":"discussion","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"contradicting","typeConfidence":0.9638307094573975},{"id":2155776097,"memberId":78,"negative":0.8688214302062988,"neutral":0.15333953052759172,"positive":0.13658252358436584,"section":"discussion","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"contradicting","typeConfidence":0.8688214302062988},{"id":2824334878,"memberId":276,"negative":0.1359453946352005,"neutral":0.7094927668571472,"positive":0.24171872437000275,"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000494","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.7094927668571472},{"id":2155776098,"memberId":78,"negative":0.26392486095428463,"neutral":0.817299246788025,"positive":0.03706328198313713,"section":"discussion","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.817299246788025},{"id":2829831604,"memberId":276,"negative":0.07277722209692002,"neutral":0.9422045171260834,"positive":0.08280273526906967,"section":"discussion","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000494","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":0.9422045171260834},{"id":2155776066,"memberId":78,"negative":0.0021165350452065465,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.0016119263600558043,"section":"methods","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2626090521,"memberId":276,"negative":0.024492473155260087,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.007971957325935364,"section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000352","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2155775980,"memberId":78,"negative":0.02985255494713783,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.007283219136297703,"section":"introduction","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2155776046,"memberId":78,"negative":0.012767541781067848,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.011556158773601055,"section":"introduction","selfCites":[{"family":"Ren","given":"Ping","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"},{"family":"Lin","given":"Feng","type":"SHAREDAUTHOR"}],"source":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","target":"10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.016","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"metadata":{"citingCounts":{"authors":{"Beeri Michal":1,"Benussi Luisa":3,"Chapman Benjamin":1,"Eng Chloe":1,"Fascendini Sara":3,"Fede Giuseppe":3,"Frisoni Giovanni":3,"Galluzzi Samantha":1,"Gilsanz Paola":1,"Lacy Mary":1,"Lin Feng":1,"Maria Emilio":3,"Mega Anna":3,"Muscio Cristina":3,"Ren Ping":1,"Schifitto Giovanni":1,"Tagliavini Fabrizio":3,"Whitmer Rachel":1,"Zhang Zhengwu":1},"dateHistogram":{"2018":{"contradicting":2,"mentioning":4,"supporting":0,"total":6},"2019":{"contradicting":0,"mentioning":1,"supporting":0,"total":1},"2022":{"contradicting":0,"mentioning":2,"supporting":0,"total":2}},"journals":{"Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders":2,"Neuroimage Clinical":1},"pubTypes":{"article":3,"research support, n.i.h., extramural":1},"relationships":{"independent":2,"selfCite":1},"sections":{"discussion":5,"introduction":3,"methods":1,"other":0,"results":0},"total":9},"restrictedCitationCount":10,"totalCitationCount":9},"papers":{"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021":{"abstract":"Locus of control (LOC) is an important personality trait. LOC over cognitive competency reflects an individual's perceived control of desired cognitive outcomes, which is critical for maintaining successful cognitive aging. It is important to understand the neural substrates of LOC over cognitive competency in older adults, especially for individuals at high risk of dementia. Here, we characterized a cohesive functional and structural connectivity profile underlying LOC among 55 older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), combining resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. The results showed that both functional and structural connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala were significantly correlated with external LOC. The functional connectivity mediated the correlation between structural connectivity and external LOC. In addition, aging-associated neurodegeneration moderated the relationship between structural connectivity and external LOC, showing that the structural connectivity was positively correlated with external LOC in low, but not high neurodegeneration. Our results suggest a critical role of the functional amygdala-frontal network, which may serve as a bridge between its white matter tract and LOC over cognitive competency in groups at high risk for dementia.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Rochester Medical Center","affiliationID":"4419","affiliationSlug":"university-of-rochester-medical-center-DxVe","authorID":"25900534","authorName":"Ping Ren","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"ping-ren-OAyjd8","family":"Ren","given":"Ping"},{"affiliation":"University of Rochester Medical Center","affiliationID":"4419","affiliationSlug":"university-of-rochester-medical-center-DxVe","authorID":"16766756","authorName":"Benjamin P. Chapman","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"benjamin-p-chapman-09bZky","family":"Chapman","given":"Benjamin P."},{"affiliation":"University of Rochester Medical Center","affiliationID":"4419","affiliationSlug":"university-of-rochester-medical-center-DxVe","authorID":"18713408","authorName":"Zhengwu Zhang","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"zhengwu-zhang-Ml54Yp","family":"Zhang","given":"Zhengwu"},{"affiliation":"University of Rochester Medical Center","affiliationID":"4419","affiliationSlug":"university-of-rochester-medical-center-DxVe","authorID":"6075787","authorName":"Giovanni Schifitto","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"giovanni-schifitto-mOrNNe","family":"Schifitto","given":"Giovanni"},{"affiliation":"University of Rochester Medical Center","affiliationID":"4419","affiliationSlug":"university-of-rochester-medical-center-DxVe","authorID":"24982522","authorName":"Feng Lin","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"feng-lin-xWj2pg","family":"Lin","given":"Feng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","editorialNotices":[],"id":240231688,"issns":["2213-1582"],"journal":"NeuroImage: Clinical","journalSlug":"MVpp0","keywords":["Regular Article"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"297-304","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"NeuroImage: Clinical","slug":"functional-and-structural-connectivity-of-3ndKmxK","title":"Functional and structural connectivity of the amygdala underpins locus of control in mild cognitive impairment","type":"journal-article","volume":"20","year":2018},"10.1097/wad.0000000000000352":{"abstract":"Objective: Life expectancy for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has increased recently; however, it is unknown how diabetes care attitudes affect late-life brain health.\nResearch design and methods:The Study of Longevity in Diabetes (SOLID) consists of 734 older adults with T1DM, reporting diabetes locus of control (dLOC), age of diabetes diagnosis and other demographics, history of hypoglycemic episodes, and depressive symptoms. Global and domain-specific (language, executive function, episodic memory, simple attention) cognitive functioning was assessed at in-person interviews. Cross-sectional associations between dLOC and cognition were estimated using covariate-adjusted linear regression models in pooled and sexstratified models.\nResults:In pooled analyses, a one-point increase in dLOC (more internal) was positively associated with global cognition (β=0.05, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.07), language (β=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07), and executive function (β=0.04, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.07), but not episodic memory or simple attention. However, in sex-stratified analyses, this effect was seen only in males and not females.\nConclusions:In elderly individuals with T1DM, we found associations between dLOC and cognition overall and in men but not women. Underlying sex differences should be considered in future research or interventions on psychosocial characteristics for cognition.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Kaiser Permanente","affiliationID":"8677","affiliationSlug":"kaiser-permanente-nznX","authorID":"192151687","authorName":"Chloe W. Eng","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"chloe-w-eng-mOjXzyY","family":"Eng","given":"Chloe W."},{"affiliation":"Kaiser Permanente","affiliationID":"8677","affiliationSlug":"kaiser-permanente-nznX","authorID":"197922564","authorName":"Paola Gilsanz","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"paola-gilsanz-y8pDM6J","family":"Gilsanz","given":"Paola"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"11820206","authorName":"Mary E. Lacy","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"mary-e-lacy-zLxMNb","family":"Lacy","given":"Mary E."},{"affiliation":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","affiliationID":"4856","affiliationSlug":"icahn-school-of-medicine-at-0ake","authorID":"181150","authorName":"Michal Schnaider Beeri","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"michal-schnaider-beeri-zb1Gb","family":"Beeri","given":"Michal Schnaider"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"6791748","authorName":"Rachel A. Whitmer","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"rachel-a-whitmer-W8yMEw","family":"Whitmer","given":"Rachel A."}],"doi":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000352","editorialNotices":[],"id":627276268,"issns":["0893-0341"],"issue":"1","journal":"Alzheimer Disease &Amp; Associated Disorders","journalSlug":"V0dxM","keywords":["type 1 diabetes","locus of control","cognition","cognitive function","sex differences"],"memberId":276,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"25-30","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","retracted":false,"slug":"locus-of-control-and-cognition-kvAGrna","title":"Locus of Control and Cognition in Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes","type":"journal-article","volume":"34","year":2019},"10.1097/wad.0000000000000494":{"abstract":"Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the psychological impact of predictive genetic testing in individuals at-risk for inherited dementia who underwent a structured counseling and testing protocol.\nMethods:Participants were healthy at-risk relatives from families with at least one affected patient, in whom a disease-associated genetic variant had been ascertained. A comprehensive psychological assessment (personality, anxiety and depression, quality of life, coping strategies, resilience and health-related beliefs) was administered at baseline, at 6 months and 12 months follow-up.Results: Twenty-four participants from 13 families were included. Sixteen participants underwent blood sampling and genetic analysis; 6 resulted to be carriers of pathogenic variants (1 in PSEN1, 1 in PSEN2, 4 in GRN). Carriers showed higher score on the Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA)social competence, and on Multidimensional Health Locus of Controlinternal, than noncarriers (P = 0.03 for both). Ten atrisk relatives who completed the follow-up showed improvement in RSAplanned future (P = 0.01) with respect to baseline. Discussion: Our case series showed that at-risk individuals undergoing predictive testing showed benefit on personal life and no detrimental impact on a broad range of psychological outcomes. Higher social skills and lower internal health locus of control in carriers may be an early psychological correlate of preclinical dementia.","authors":[{"authorID":"943113514","authorName":"Samantha Galluzzi","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"samantha-galluzzi-g23rlQ1","family":"Galluzzi","given":"Samantha"},{"authorID":"948459311","authorName":"Anna Mega","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"anna-mega-enyPGdz","family":"Mega","given":"Anna"},{"authorID":"944285365","authorName":"Anna Mega","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"anna-mega-8mb3WbG","family":"Mega","given":"Anna"},{"authorID":"959745484","authorName":"Anna Mega","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"anna-mega-LzmDr6a","family":"Mega","given":"Anna"},{"authorID":"959925004","authorName":"Giuseppe Di Fede","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"giuseppe-di-fede-WEOnP8J","family":"Fede","given":"Giuseppe Di"},{"authorID":"942996132","authorName":"Giuseppe Di Fede","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"giuseppe-di-fede-2bvwDzJ","family":"Fede","given":"Giuseppe Di"},{"authorID":"946020582","authorName":"Giuseppe Di Fede","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"giuseppe-di-fede-V8Ykz3M","family":"Fede","given":"Giuseppe Di"},{"authorID":"946105767","authorName":"Cristina Muscio","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"cristina-muscio-JlNArDY","family":"Muscio","given":"Cristina"},{"authorID":"942996149","authorName":"Cristina Muscio","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"cristina-muscio-AOkrx8e","family":"Muscio","given":"Cristina"},{"authorID":"959962348","authorName":"Cristina Muscio","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"cristina-muscio-WEOEdln","family":"Muscio","given":"Cristina"},{"authorID":"941648071","authorName":"Sara Fascendini","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"sara-fascendini-N8z21AQ","family":"Fascendini","given":"Sara"},{"authorID":"946105807","authorName":"Sara Fascendini","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"sara-fascendini-Y869ryE","family":"Fascendini","given":"Sara"},{"authorID":"959614586","authorName":"Sara Fascendini","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"sara-fascendini-4xKLvVP","family":"Fascendini","given":"Sara"},{"authorID":"959718660","authorName":"Luisa Benussi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"luisa-benussi-Qkwy0A9","family":"Benussi","given":"Luisa"},{"authorID":"948824097","authorName":"Luisa Benussi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"luisa-benussi-vZW9kdJ","family":"Benussi","given":"Luisa"},{"authorID":"942074916","authorName":"Luisa Benussi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"luisa-benussi-Qkvjz58","family":"Benussi","given":"Luisa"},{"authorID":"959718663","authorName":"Fabrizio Tagliavini","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"fabrizio-tagliavini-DRbxEeP","family":"Tagliavini","given":"Fabrizio"},{"authorID":"948177452","authorName":"Fabrizio Tagliavini","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"fabrizio-tagliavini-Mzpx8aE","family":"Tagliavini","given":"Fabrizio"},{"authorID":"945273779","authorName":"Fabrizio Tagliavini","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"fabrizio-tagliavini-KgwVRO8","family":"Tagliavini","given":"Fabrizio"},{"authorID":"941475868","authorName":"Giovanni B. Frisoni","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"giovanni-b-frisoni-kYW3DKa","family":"Frisoni","given":"Giovanni B."},{"authorID":"942074921","authorName":"Giovanni B Frisoni","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"giovanni-b-frisoni-8mbLD39","family":"Frisoni","given":"Giovanni B"},{"authorID":"959581751","authorName":"Giovanni B Frisoni","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"giovanni-b-frisoni-Y8ayx6K","family":"Frisoni","given":"Giovanni B"},{"authorID":"945793812","authorName":"Emilio Di Maria","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"emilio-di-maria-0EPxnlr","family":"Maria","given":"Emilio Di"},{"authorID":"946965432","authorName":"Emilio Di Maria","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"emilio-di-maria-2b1xvNx","family":"Maria","given":"Emilio Di"},{"authorID":"960041932","authorName":"Emilio Di Maria","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"emilio-di-maria-2bnRryn","family":"Maria","given":"Emilio Di"}],"doi":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000494","editorialNotices":[],"id":11342526846,"issns":["0893-0341"],"issue":"2","journal":"Alzheimer Disease &Amp; Associated Disorders","journalSlug":"V0dxM","keywords":["Alzheimer disease","frontotemporal dementia","genetic counseling","genetic testing","psychological outcomes"],"memberId":276,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"118-124","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","slug":"psychological-impact-of-predictive-genetic-9O8G0p0b","title":"Psychological Impact of Predictive Genetic Testing for Inherited Alzheimer Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia","type":"journal-article","volume":"36","year":2022}},"tallies":{"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021":{"citingPublications":2,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1016/j.nicl.2018.07.021","mentioning":4,"supporting":0,"total":4,"unclassified":0},"10.1097/wad.0000000000000352":{"citingPublications":2,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000352","mentioning":2,"supporting":0,"total":2,"unclassified":0},"10.1097/wad.0000000000000494":{"citingPublications":0,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1097/wad.0000000000000494","mentioning":0,"supporting":0,"total":0,"unclassified":0}}}},"CitationsMetadataSchema":{"properties":{"totalCitationCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalcitationcount"},"restrictedCitationCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Restrictedcitationcount"},"distinctSourceCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Distinctsourcecount"},"citingCounts":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationsCitingCounts"},{"type":"null"}]},"isApproximate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Isapproximate"},"maxPaginationOffset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Maxpaginationoffset"}},"type":"object","required":["totalCitationCount"],"title":"CitationsMetadataSchema"},"CitingTallySourceDB":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting"},"contradicting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contradicting"},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning"},"unclassified":{"type":"integer","title":"Unclassified"},"sourceDoi":{"type":"string","title":"Sourcedoi"},"numCitedPublications":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Numcitedpublications"}},"type":"object","required":["total","supporting","contradicting","mentioning","unclassified","sourceDoi"],"title":"CitingTallySourceDB","example":{"contradicting":3,"mentioning":290,"num_cited_publications":377,"source_doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","supporting":24,"total":317,"unclassified":0}},"Classification":{"properties":{"cpcSymbol":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"position":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Position"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Classification"},"ClinicalTrialDetailResponse":{"properties":{"reportedEvents":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReportedEvents"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"ClinicalTrialDetailResponse","description":"Detail endpoint returns a flat trial object (same shape as ClinicalTrialResult).\n\nreportedEvents is only populated on trials with hasResults=true."},"ClinicalTrialResult":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"esId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Esid"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Uid"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"briefDescription":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Briefdescription"},"description":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Description"},"sponsors":{"items":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"}]},"type":"array","title":"Sponsors"},"pi":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pi"},"conditions":{"items":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"}]},"type":"array","title":"Conditions"},"interventions":{"items":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"}]},"type":"array","title":"Interventions"},"trialState":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Trialstate"},"eligibility":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Eligibility"},"enrollment":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Enrollment"},"dates":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dates"},"citations":{"items":{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"},"dataSource":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"items":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"}]},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datasource"},"registry":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"hasResults":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Hasresults"},"reportedEvents":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReportedEvents"},{"type":"null"}]},"publicationsMetadata":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publicationsmetadata"},"externalLink":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Externallink"},"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"ClinicalTrialResult","description":"A clinical trial as returned by the Resolute search and detail endpoints.\n\nFields vary between search (abbreviated, HTML-highlighted) and detail (full). Declared fields cover the common\nsubset; extra=\"allow\" on CamelModel captures the rest so no data is lost regardless of which endpoint produced\nthe response."},"ClinicalTrialSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ClinicalTrialResult"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"ClinicalTrialSearchResponse"},"ColumnType":{"type":"string","enum":["response","dynamic"],"title":"ColumnType"},"Compound":{"properties":{"compoundComplexity":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Compoundcomplexity"},"exactMatch":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Exactmatch"},"logPXlogp3Aa":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Logpxlogp3Aa"},"massExact":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Massexact"},"molecularWeight":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Molecularweight"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Compound"},"CustomDashboardSchema":{"properties":{"id":{"type":"integer","title":"Id"},"name":{"type":"string","title":"Name"},"description":{"type":"string","title":"Description","default":""},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dashboardType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dashboardtype"},"isPublic":{"type":"boolean","title":"Ispublic","default":false},"organizationSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Organizationslug"},"componentLayout":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardComponentLayoutSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Componentlayout"},"doiQuery":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardDoiQuerySchema"},"lastUpdated":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdated"},"doisUpdatedTS":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date-time"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doisupdatedts"},"doisRefreshedTS":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date-time"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doisrefreshedts"},"refreshStatus":{"type":"string","title":"Refreshstatus","default":"-"},"accessType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Accesstype","default":"VIEWER"},"totalDoiCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Totaldoicount","default":0},"matchedDoiCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Matcheddoicount","default":0},"unmatchedDoiCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Unmatcheddoicount","default":0},"unmatchedDois":{"items":{},"type":"array","uniqueItems":true,"title":"Unmatcheddois"},"warning":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Warning"}},"type":"object","required":["id","name","componentLayout","doiQuery"],"title":"CustomDashboardSchema"},"DashboardComponent":{"properties":{"_id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"name":{"type":"string","title":"Name"},"width":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Width"}},"type":"object","required":["name"],"title":"DashboardComponent"},"DashboardComponentLayoutSchema":{"properties":{"_id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"components":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardComponent"},"type":"array","title":"Components"}},"type":"object","required":["components"],"title":"DashboardComponentLayoutSchema"},"DashboardDoiQuerySchema":{"properties":{"queryType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","enum":["list","saved_search"]},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Querytype"},"query":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardManualListQuerySchema"},{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardSavedSearchQuerySchema"}],"title":"Query"}},"type":"object","required":["query"],"title":"DashboardDoiQuerySchema"},"DashboardEditorialNoticeCountSchema":{"properties":{"totalRetractions":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalretractions","default":0},"totalExpressionOfConcerns":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalexpressionofconcerns","default":0},"totalWithdrawals":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalwithdrawals","default":0},"totalErrata":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalerrata","default":0},"totalCorrections":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalcorrections","default":0}},"type":"object","title":"DashboardEditorialNoticeCountSchema"},"DashboardManualListQuerySchema":{"properties":{"dois":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Dois"}},"type":"object","required":["dois"],"title":"DashboardManualListQuerySchema"},"DashboardSavedSearchQuerySchema":{"properties":{"saved_search_id":{"type":"integer","title":"Saved Search Id"},"doi_exclude_list":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi Exclude List"},"dois":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dois"}},"type":"object","required":["saved_search_id"],"title":"DashboardSavedSearchQuerySchema"},"DashboardTotalArticleCountRS":{"properties":{"totalArticleCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalarticlecount"}},"type":"object","title":"DashboardTotalArticleCountRS","example":{"totalArticleCount":26325}},"Device510kApplicant":{"properties":{"contact":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contact"},"applicant":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"address":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Address"},"address1":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Address1"},"address2":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Address2"},"postalCode":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Postalcode"},"city":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"City"},"state":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"zipCode":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Zipcode"},"countryCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kApplicant"},"Device510kDecision":{"properties":{"decisionCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"decisionDescription":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"decisionDate":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Decisiondate"},"advisoryCommittee":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"advisoryCommitteeDescription":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"expeditedReviewFlag":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"reviewAdvisoryCommittee":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"thirdPartyFlag":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kDecision"},"Device510kDetailResponse":{"properties":{},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kDetailResponse"},"Device510kDevice":{"properties":{"kNumber":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"tradeName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Tradename"},"deviceName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"deviceClass":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"productCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"clearanceType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"dateReceived":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datereceived"},"regulationNumber":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"medicalSpecialtyDescription":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kDevice"},"Device510kRegistration":{"properties":{"feiNumber":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Feinumber"},"registrationNumber":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Registrationnumber"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kRegistration"},"Device510kResult":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"esId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Esid"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"title":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"statementOrSummary":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"summaryText":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Summarytext"},"kNumbersMentioned":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Knumbersmentioned"},"device":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kDevice"},{"type":"null"}]},"decision":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kDecision"},{"type":"null"}]},"registration":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kRegistration"},{"type":"null"}]},"applicantInformation":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kApplicant"},{"type":"null"}]},"externalLink":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Externallink"},"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kResult"},"Device510kSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kResult"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSearchResponse"},"Device510kSummariesAttachment":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"pages":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesPage"},"type":"array","title":"Pages"},"pagesTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pagestotal"},"ontology":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesOntology"},{"type":"null"}]},"file":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesFile"},{"type":"null"}]},"path":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Path"},"origin":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Origin"},"attachment":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesAttachmentContent"},{"type":"null"}]},"pageCount":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesAttachment"},"Device510kSummariesAttachmentContent":{"properties":{"content":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Content"},"contentType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesAttachmentContent"},"Device510kSummariesDetailResponse":{"properties":{},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesDetailResponse"},"Device510kSummariesFile":{"properties":{"filename":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filename"},"fileSize":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filesize"},"mimeType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"createdAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Createdat"},"modifiedAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Modifiedat"},"isDuplicate":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesFile"},"Device510kSummariesOntology":{"properties":{"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"},"categories":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Categories"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesOntology"},"Device510kSummariesPage":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"pageIndex":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pageindex"},"attachment":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Attachment"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesPage"},"Device510kSummariesResult":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"filename":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filename"},"attachments":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesAttachment"},"type":"array","title":"Attachments"},"attachmentsTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Attachmentstotal"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesResult"},"Device510kSummariesSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Device510kSummariesResult"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Device510kSummariesSearchResponse"},"EditorialNoticeSchema":{"properties":{"status":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Status"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"noticeDoi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Noticedoi"},"doi":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"},"urls":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Urls"}},"type":"object","required":["doi"],"title":"EditorialNoticeSchema"},"EpodocRef":{"properties":{"docNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docnumber"},"kind":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Kind"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"EpodocRef"},"FacetValue":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"name":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Name"},"highlighted":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Highlighted"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FacetValue","description":"A faceted field value as returned by Resolute's formatter.\n\nResolute returns faceted fields as {id, name} dicts, optionally with a \"highlighted\" key containing\nHTML-marked-up text when the field matched the search query. The id is the ES-stored value (filterable),\nand name is the display value (may differ due to es_to_name transforms, e.g. country codes)."},"FacetsResponseModel":{"properties":{"exact":{"type":"boolean","title":"Exact"},"facets":{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Facets"},"totalResults":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalresults"}},"type":"object","required":["exact","facets","totalResults"],"title":"FacetsResponseModel"},"FactCheck":{"properties":{"used":{"anyOf":[{"items":{},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Used"},"rejected":{"anyOf":[{"items":{},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Rejected"}},"type":"object","title":"FactCheck"},"FaersDetailResponse":{"properties":{},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersDetailResponse"},"FaersDrug":{"properties":{"drugauthorizationnumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"drugbatchnumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"applicationNumber":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Applicationnumber"},"nui":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Nui"},"productNdc":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Productndc"},"packageNdc":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Packagendc"},"rxcui":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Rxcui"},"splId":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Splid"},"splSetId":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Splsetid"},"unii":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Unii"},"actiondrug":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Actiondrug"},"activesubstancename":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"drugadministrationroute":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"drugcharacterization":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Drugcharacterization"},"drugdosagetext":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Drugdosagetext"},"drugstartdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Drugstartdate"},"drugenddate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Drugenddate"},"drugindication":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"drugseparatedosagenumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"drugstructuredosagenumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"drugtreatmentduration":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"medicinalproduct":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"brandName":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Brandname"},"genericName":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Genericname"},"manufacturerName":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Manufacturername"},"route":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Route"},"substanceName":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Substancename"},"pharmClassCs":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Pharmclasscs"},"pharmClassEpc":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Pharmclassepc"},"pharmClassPe":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Pharmclasspe"},"pharmClassMoa":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Pharmclassmoa"},"productType":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Producttype"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersDrug"},"FaersEvent":{"properties":{"authoritynumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"companynumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Companynumb"},"duplicate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Duplicate"},"fulfillexpeditecriteria":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"narrativeincludeclinical":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Narrativeincludeclinical"},"transmissiondate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Transmissiondate"},"receiptdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Receiptdate"},"receivedate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Receivedate"},"reporttype":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reporttype"},"safetyreportversion":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"serious":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Serious"},"seriousnessType":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Seriousnesstype"},"occurcountry":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"patientagegroup":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patientagegroup"},"patientonsetage":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patientonsetage"},"patientsex":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patientsex"},"patientweight":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patientweight"},"patientdeathdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patientdeathdate"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersEvent"},"FaersPrimarySource":{"properties":{"literaturereference":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Literaturereference"},"qualification":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"reportercountry":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersPrimarySource"},"FaersReaction":{"properties":{"reactionmeddrapt":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"reactionmeddraversionpt":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reactionmeddraversionpt"},"reactionoutcome":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersReaction"},"FaersReportDuplicate":{"properties":{"duplicatenumb":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"duplicatesource":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersReportDuplicate"},"FaersResult":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"safetyreportid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Safetyreportid"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"event":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersEvent"},{"type":"null"}]},"drug":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersDrug"},"type":"array","title":"Drug"},"reportduplicate":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersReportDuplicate"},"type":"array","title":"Reportduplicate"},"primarysource":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersPrimarySource"},{"type":"null"}]},"reaction":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersReaction"},"type":"array","title":"Reaction"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersResult"},"FaersSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FaersResult"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"FaersSearchResponse"},"FeedbackSchema":{"properties":{"feedbackType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FeedbackType"},{"type":"null"}]},"reason":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reason"}},"type":"object","title":"FeedbackSchema"},"FeedbackType":{"type":"string","enum":["positive","negative"],"title":"FeedbackType"},"Grant":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"organization":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"country":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"state":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"piName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"awardAmount":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Awardamount"},"awardStartDate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Awardstartdate"},"awardCloseDate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Awardclosedate"},"awardNoticeDate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Awardnoticedate"},"agency":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"branch":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"researchKeywords":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Researchkeywords"},"dataSource":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"phase":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"program":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"externalLink":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Externallink"},"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Grant","description":"A grant as returned by Resolute search (nested inside GrantGroup) and detail (flat).\n\nIn search: fields are flat strings/numbers.\nIn detail: some fields like abstract become {value: str} objects."},"GrantDetailResponse":{"properties":{},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"GrantDetailResponse","description":"Detail endpoint returns a flat grant object (same shape as Grant)."},"GrantGroup":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Uid"},"grants":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Grant"},"type":"array","title":"Grants"},"grantsTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Grantstotal"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"GrantGroup"},"GrantSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/GrantGroup"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"GrantSearchResponse"},"HTTPValidationError":{"properties":{"detail":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},"type":"array","title":"Detail"}},"type":"object","title":"HTTPValidationError"},"Inventor":{"properties":{"name":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"normalizedName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Normalizedname"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Inventor"},"IssnEditorialNoticeResponse":{"properties":{"issn":{"type":"string","title":"Issn"},"notices":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/DashboardEditorialNoticeCountSchema"},{"type":"null"}]}},"type":"object","required":["issn"],"title":"IssnEditorialNoticeResponse"},"IssnEditorialNoticesResponse":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/IssnEditorialNoticeResponse"},"type":"array","title":"IssnEditorialNoticesResponse","example":[{"issn":"0006-3223","notices":{"totalCorrections":0,"totalErrata":77,"totalExpressionOfConcerns":0,"totalRetractions":15,"totalWithdrawals":3}},{"issn":"1110-0168","notices":{"totalCorrections":0,"totalErrata":6,"totalExpressionOfConcerns":0,"totalRetractions":2,"totalWithdrawals":5}},{"issn":"1100-3312"}]},"IssnSjiBulkResponse":{"additionalProperties":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/IssnSjiResponse"},"type":"array"},"type":"object","title":"IssnSjiBulkResponse","example":{"2232-9935":[{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2021"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2020"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2019"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2018"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2017"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2016"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2015"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2014"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2013"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2012"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2011"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2010"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2009"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2008"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2007"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2006"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2005"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2004"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2003"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2002"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2001"},{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"journal":"Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation","journalSlug":"journal-human-research-in-rehabilitation-2nDD","relativeYear":"2000"}],"2623-1247":[{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2021"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2020"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2019"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2018"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2017"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2016"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2015"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2014"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2013"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2012"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2011"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2010"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2009"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2008"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2007"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2006"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2005"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2004"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2003"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2002"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2001"},{"issns":["2623-1247","2337-8344"],"journal":"Psympathic Jurnal Sistem Informasi Dan Komputer","journalSlug":"psympathic-jurnal-sistem-informasi-dan-bLjk","relativeYear":"2000"}]}},"IssnSjiResponse":{"properties":{"issns":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Issns"},"journal":{"type":"string","title":"Journal"},"journalSlug":{"type":"string","title":"Journalslug"},"relativeYear":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Relativeyear"},"sjiAllYears":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sjiallyears","default":0.0},"sjiFiveYears":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sjifiveyears","default":0.0},"sjiTwoYears":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sjitwoyears","default":0.0}},"type":"object","required":["journal"],"title":"IssnSjiResponse"},"JournalTallyRS":{"properties":{"totalCites":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalcites","default":0},"totalSupportingCites":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalsupportingcites","default":0},"totalMentioningCites":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalmentioningcites","default":0},"totalContrastingCites":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalcontrastingcites","default":0},"totalUnclassifiedCites":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalunclassifiedcites","default":0},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"}},"type":"object","title":"JournalTallyRS","example":{"issns":["2232-9935","2232-996X"],"title":"journal human research in rehabilitation","totalCites":7,"totalContrastingCites":0,"totalMentioningCites":5,"totalSupportingCites":1,"totalUnclassifiedCites":1}},"JournalYearlySciteIndexRS":{"properties":{"relativeYear":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Relativeyear"},"siTwoYears":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sitwoyears"},"siFiveYears":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sifiveyears"},"siAllYears":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Siallyears"},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"}},"type":"object","title":"JournalYearlySciteIndexRS"},"JournalYearlySciteIndexesRS":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/JournalYearlySciteIndexRS"},"type":"array","title":"JournalYearlySciteIndexesRS","example":[{"issns":["0006-3223"],"relativeYear":"2021","siAllYears":0.8731623106623106,"siFiveYears":0.9063056644104026,"siTwoYears":0.9178082191780822},{"issns":["0006-3223"],"relativeYear":"2020","siAllYears":0.8729605900320345,"siFiveYears":0.9001824341933803,"siTwoYears":0.9102272727272728}]},"KalaParserReport":{"properties":{"source":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Source"},"metadata":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SourceMetadata"},"filetype":{"type":"string","const":"pdf","title":"Filetype"},"citations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Citation"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"}},"type":"object","required":["source","metadata","filetype","citations"],"title":"KalaParserReport"},"Language":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"name":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Name"},"highlighted":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Highlighted"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Language"},"MaudeDetailResponse":{"properties":{},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MaudeDetailResponse"},"MaudeDevice":{"properties":{"deviceReportProductCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"brandName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"genericName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"deviceName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"manufacturerDName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"modelNumber":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"deviceClass":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"regulationNumber":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"dateReceived":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datereceived"},"deviceAvailability":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"medicalSpecialtyDescription":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MaudeDevice"},"MaudeMdrText":{"properties":{"mdrTextKey":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Mdrtextkey"},"textTypeCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"text":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Text"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MaudeMdrText"},"MaudePatient":{"properties":{"dateReceived":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datereceived"},"treatment":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Treatment"},"problems":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Problems"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MaudePatient"},"MaudeResult":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"title":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"mdrReportKey":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"reportNumber":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"reportSourceCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"reporterOccupationCode":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"healthProfessional":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"typeOfReport":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Typeofreport"},"eventType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"adverseEventFlag":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"productProblemFlag":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"productProblems":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Productproblems"},"dateReport":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datereport"},"dateReceived":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datereceived"},"manufacturerContactName":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"device":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MaudeDevice"},{"type":"null"}]},"patient":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MaudePatient"},{"type":"null"}]},"mdrText":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MaudeMdrText"},"type":"array","title":"Mdrtext"},"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MaudeResult"},"MaudeSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MaudeResult"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MaudeSearchResponse"},"MhraAttachment":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"pages":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraPage"},"type":"array","title":"Pages"},"pagesTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pagestotal"},"ontology":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraOntology"},{"type":"null"}]},"file":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraFile"},{"type":"null"}]},"path":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Path"},"origin":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Origin"},"attachment":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraAttachmentContent"},{"type":"null"}]},"extras":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraExtras"},{"type":"null"}]},"pageCount":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pagecount"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraAttachment"},"MhraAttachmentContent":{"properties":{"content":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Content"},"contentType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contenttype"},"author":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Author"},"language":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Language"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraAttachmentContent"},"MhraDetailResponse":{"properties":{},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraDetailResponse"},"MhraExtras":{"properties":{"headLine":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Headline"},"description":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Description"},"contentHtml":{"anyOf":[{},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contenthtml"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraExtras"},"MhraFile":{"properties":{"filename":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filename"},"fileSize":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filesize"},"mimeType":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Mimetype"},"createdAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Createdat"},"modifiedAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Modifiedat"},"contentCreatedAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contentcreatedat"},"contentModifiedAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contentmodifiedat"},"isDuplicate":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Isduplicate"},"ownedBy":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Ownedby"},"createdBy":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Createdby"},"modifiedBy":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Modifiedby"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraFile"},"MhraOntology":{"properties":{"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"},"categories":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Categories"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraOntology"},"MhraPage":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"pageIndex":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pageindex"},"attachment":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Attachment"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraPage"},"MhraResult":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"filename":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filename"},"domain":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Domain"},"url":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Url"},"attachments":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraAttachment"},"type":"array","title":"Attachments"},"attachmentsTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Attachmentstotal"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraResult"},"MhraSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/MhraResult"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"MhraSearchResponse"},"OriginalRef":{"properties":{"docNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docnumber"},"kind":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Kind"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"OriginalRef"},"PaperResponse":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"doi":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title","default":"Untitled"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"authors":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorSchema"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authors"},"keywords":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Keywords"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"},"shortJournal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Shortjournal"},"publisher":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publisher"},"issue":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issue"},"volume":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Volume"},"page":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Page"},"pmPublicationType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Pmpublicationtype"},"retracted":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Retracted"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"},"tally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyDB"},{"type":"null"}]},"citingTally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitingTallySourceDB"},{"type":"null"}]},"editorialNotices":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/EditorialNoticeSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Editorialnotices"},"journalSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journalslug"},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal"},"preprintLinks":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PreprintLinkSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Preprintlinks"},"publicationLinks":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PublicationLinkSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Publicationlinks"},"normalizedTypes":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Normalizedtypes"}},"type":"object","required":["doi"],"title":"PaperResponse","example":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Chicago","affiliationID":"17898","affiliationSlug":"university-of-chicago-6096","authorID":"20073081","authorName":"K. Luan Phan","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"k-luan-phan-jz0xRV","family":"Phan","given":"K. Luan"},{"affiliation":"Wayne State University","affiliationID":"11741","affiliationSlug":"wayne-state-university-Xje9","authorID":"14943755","authorName":"Daniel A. Fitzgerald","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"daniel-a-fitzgerald-e6pg3O","family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Daniel A."},{"affiliation":"Monash University","affiliationID":"6663","affiliationSlug":"monash-university-DZee","authorID":"15102805","authorName":"Pradeep J. Nathan","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"pradeep-j-nathan-Ax3j3L","family":"Nathan","given":"Pradeep J."},{"affiliation":"Wayne State University","affiliationID":"11741","affiliationSlug":"wayne-state-university-Xje9","authorID":"3534491","authorName":"Manuel Tancer","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"manuel-tancer-1O4Lj","family":"Tancer","given":"Manuel"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","editorialNotices":[],"id":66831114,"issns":["0006-3223"],"issue":"5","journal":"Biological Psychiatry","journalSlug":"5GzJD","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"424-429","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Biological Psychiatry","slug":"association-between-amygdala-hyperactivity-to-gVamGz","title":"Association between Amygdala Hyperactivity to Harsh Faces and Severity of Social Anxiety in Generalized Social Phobia","type":"journal-article","volume":"59","year":2006}},"PapersResponse":{"properties":{"papers":{"additionalProperties":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"type":"object","title":"Papers"}},"type":"object","required":["papers"],"title":"PapersResponse","example":{"papers":{"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Chicago","affiliationID":"17898","affiliationSlug":"university-of-chicago-6096","authorID":"20073081","authorName":"K. Luan Phan","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"k-luan-phan-jz0xRV","family":"Phan","given":"K. Luan"},{"affiliation":"Wayne State University","affiliationID":"11741","affiliationSlug":"wayne-state-university-Xje9","authorID":"14943755","authorName":"Daniel A. Fitzgerald","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"daniel-a-fitzgerald-e6pg3O","family":"Fitzgerald","given":"Daniel A."},{"affiliation":"Monash University","affiliationID":"6663","affiliationSlug":"monash-university-DZee","authorID":"15102805","authorName":"Pradeep J. Nathan","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"pradeep-j-nathan-Ax3j3L","family":"Nathan","given":"Pradeep J."},{"affiliation":"Wayne State University","affiliationID":"11741","affiliationSlug":"wayne-state-university-Xje9","authorID":"3534491","authorName":"Manuel Tancer","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"manuel-tancer-1O4Lj","family":"Tancer","given":"Manuel"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","editorialNotices":[],"id":66831114,"issns":["0006-3223"],"issue":"5","journal":"Biological Psychiatry","journalSlug":"5GzJD","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"424-429","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Biological Psychiatry","slug":"association-between-amygdala-hyperactivity-to-gVamGz","title":"Association between Amygdala Hyperactivity to Harsh Faces and Severity of Social Anxiety in Generalized Social Phobia","type":"journal-article","volume":"59","year":2006},"10.1093/brain/awn044":{"abstract":"Patterns of responses in the cerebral cortex can vary, and are influenced by pre-existing cortical function, but it is not known how rapidly these variations can occur in humans. We investigated how rapidly response patterns to electrical stimulation can vary in intact human brain. We also investigated whether the type of functional change occurring at a given location with stimulation would help predict the distribution of responses elsewhere over the cortex to stimulation at that given location. We did this by studying cortical afterdischarges following electrical stimulation of the cortex in awake humans undergoing evaluations for brain surgery. Response occurrence and location could change within seconds, both nearby to and distant from stimulation sites. Responses might occur at a given location during one trial but not the next. They could occur at electrodes adjacent or not adjacent to those directly stimulated or to other electrodes showing afterdischarges. The likelihood of an afterdischarge at an individual site after stimulation was predicted by spontaneous electroencephalographic activity at that specific site just prior to stimulation, but not by overall cortical activity. When stimulation at a site interrupted motor, sensory or language function, afterdischarges were more likely to occur at other sites where stimulation interrupted similar functions. These results show that widespread dynamic changes in cortical responses can occur in intact cortex within short periods of time, and that the distribution of these responses depends on local brain states and functional brain architecture at the time of stimulation. Similar rapid variations may occur during normal intracortical communication and may underlie changes in the cortical organization of function. Possibly these variations, and the occurrence and distribution of responses to cortical stimulation, could be predicted. If so, interventions such as stimulation might be used to alter spread of epileptogenic activity, accelerate learning or enhance cortical reorganization after brain injury.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Johns Hopkins University","affiliationID":"22172","affiliationSlug":"johns-hopkins-university-w8jy","authorID":"13070335","authorName":"Ronald P. Lesser","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"ronald-p-lesser-KlYdal","family":"Lesser","given":"Ronald P."},{"affiliation":"Ewha Womans University","affiliationID":"20765","affiliationSlug":"ewha-womans-university-8Wb3","authorID":"391688400","authorName":"Hyang Woon Lee","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"hyang-woon-lee-38gkmaK","family":"Lee","given":"Hyang Woon"},{"affiliation":"Johns Hopkins University","affiliationID":"22172","affiliationSlug":"johns-hopkins-university-w8jy","authorID":"12180413","authorName":"W.R.S. Webber","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"w-r-s-webber-GDnGvL","family":"Webber","given":"W.R.S."},{"affiliation":"Johns Hopkins University","affiliationID":"22172","affiliationSlug":"johns-hopkins-university-w8jy","authorID":"79330413","authorName":"Barry Prince","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"barry-prince-G12Vgb","family":"Prince","given":"Barry"},{"affiliation":"Johns Hopkins University","affiliationID":"22172","affiliationSlug":"johns-hopkins-university-w8jy","authorID":"6142206","authorName":"Nathan E. Crone","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"nathan-e-crone-zRmz0Q","family":"Crone","given":"Nathan E."},{"affiliation":"University of Washington","affiliationID":"11969","affiliationSlug":"university-of-washington-5JeG","authorID":"1329262","authorName":"Diana L. Miglioretti","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"diana-l-miglioretti-dzyyR","family":"Miglioretti","given":"Diana L."}],"doi":"10.1093/brain/awn044","editorialNotices":[],"id":90634620,"issns":["1460-2156","0006-8950"],"issue":"6","journal":"Brain","journalSlug":"0G260","keywords":["Original Articles"],"memberId":286,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1528-1539","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","retracted":false,"slug":"short-term-variations-in-response-distribution-yGVN16","title":"Short-term variations in response distribution to cortical stimulation","type":"journal-article","volume":"131","year":2008}}}},"PartialFacetsRequest":{"properties":{"qs":{"type":"string","title":"Qs","default":""},"fs":{"type":"string","title":"Fs","default":""},"whitelist":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Whitelist"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"PartialFacetsRequest"},"PartnerCreateDashboardRQ":{"properties":{"name":{"type":"string","title":"Name"},"email":{"type":"string","format":"email","title":"Email"},"description":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Description","default":""},"isPublic":{"type":"boolean","title":"Ispublic","default":false},"isHidden":{"type":"boolean","title":"Ishidden","default":false},"isSharedWithOrg":{"type":"boolean","title":"Issharedwithorg","default":false},"dois":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dois"},"query":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/QuerySchemaV2"},{"type":"null"}]},"enableDashboardCitationAlerts":{"type":"boolean","title":"Enabledashboardcitationalerts","default":false}},"type":"object","required":["name","email"],"title":"PartnerCreateDashboardRQ"},"PartnerUpdateCollectionRQ":{"properties":{"name":{"type":"string","title":"Name"},"email":{"type":"string","format":"email","title":"Email"},"description":{"type":"string","title":"Description","default":""},"isPublic":{"type":"boolean","title":"Ispublic","default":false},"isSharedWithOrg":{"type":"boolean","title":"Issharedwithorg","default":false},"dois":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Dois"},"enableDashboardCitationAlerts":{"type":"boolean","title":"Enabledashboardcitationalerts","default":false}},"type":"object","required":["name","email","dois"],"title":"PartnerUpdateCollectionRQ"},"Patent":{"properties":{"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"familyId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Familyid"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"tags":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},"type":"array","title":"Tags"},"filingStatus":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"null"}]},"classifications":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Classification"},"type":"array","title":"Classifications"},"inventors":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Inventor"},"type":"array","title":"Inventors"},"assignees":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Assignee"},"type":"array","title":"Assignees"},"applicants":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Assignee"},"type":"array","title":"Applicants"},"appRef":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AppRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"publications":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Publication"},"type":"array","title":"Publications"},"languages":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Language"},"type":"array","title":"Languages"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"legalEvents":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Legalevents"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Patent"},"PatentDetailResponse":{"properties":{"familySize":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Familysize"},"forwardCitationCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Forwardcitationcount"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"patent":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Patent"},{"type":"null"}]}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"PatentDetailResponse"},"PatentFamily":{"properties":{"patents":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Patent"},"type":"array","title":"Patents"},"patentsTotal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patentstotal"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"dataset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dataset"},"uid":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Uid"},"forwardCitationCount":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Forwardcitationcount"},"familySize":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Familysize"},"familyId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Familyid"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"PatentFamily"},"PatentSearchResponse":{"properties":{"totalResults":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Totalresults"},"delay":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Delay"},"resultsPerPage":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Resultsperpage"},"from":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"From"},"results":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PatentFamily"},"type":"array","title":"Results"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"PatentSearchResponse"},"PreprintLinkSchema":{"properties":{"preprintDoi":{"type":"string","title":"Preprintdoi"}},"type":"object","required":["preprintDoi"],"title":"PreprintLinkSchema"},"PriorityClaim":{"properties":{"country":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Country"},"docNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docnumber"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"PriorityClaim"},"PubRef":{"properties":{"country":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Country"},"docNumber":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docnumber"},"kind":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Kind"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date-time"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"epodoc":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/EpodocRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"original":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/OriginalRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"name":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Name"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"PubRef"},"Publication":{"properties":{"ids":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Ids"},"docId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Docid"},"familyId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Familyid"},"filingStatus":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filingstatus"},"pubRef":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PubRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"appRef":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AppRef"},{"type":"null"}]},"inventors":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Inventor"},"type":"array","title":"Inventors"},"assignees":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Assignee"},"type":"array","title":"Assignees"},"applicants":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Assignee"},"type":"array","title":"Applicants"},"classifications":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Classification"},"type":"array","title":"Classifications"},"priorityClaims":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PriorityClaim"},"type":"array","title":"Priorityclaims"},"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"usptoPath":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Usptopath"},"externalLink":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Externallink"},"backwardCitationCount":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FacetValue"},{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Backwardcitationcount"},"compounds":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/Compound"},"type":"array","title":"Compounds"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Publication"},"PublicationLinkSchema":{"properties":{"publishedDoi":{"type":"string","title":"Publisheddoi"}},"type":"object","required":["publishedDoi"],"title":"PublicationLinkSchema"},"PubmedMeshTypeResponse":{"properties":{"descriptorId":{"type":"string","title":"Descriptorid"},"descriptorName":{"type":"string","title":"Descriptorname"},"qualifierId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Qualifierid"},"qualifierName":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Qualifiername"}},"type":"object","required":["descriptorId","descriptorName"],"title":"PubmedMeshTypeResponse"},"QuerySchemaV2":{"properties":{"term":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Term","description":"Cross-field search term. Can be left blank.","default":"","examples":["mitosis"]},"mode":{"type":"string","enum":["all","citations","papers","question-answering"],"title":"Mode","description":"Select search mode, see above.","default":"all","examples":["citations"]},"limit":{"type":"integer","title":"Limit","description":"How many results to fetch. Up to 10,000 can be fetched at once.","default":10,"examples":[100]},"offset":{"type":"integer","title":"Offset","description":"Can be used for pagination in combination with `limit`.","default":0,"examples":[10]},"sort":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","enum":["date","total_cited","total_supported","total_contrasted","total_mentioned","total_citing_publications"]},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sort","description":"How the results should be sorted. Leave blank for generic query 'relevance'.","examples":["total_supported"]},"sortOrder":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","enum":["asc","desc"]},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sortorder","description":"Result sort order for selected sort."},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title","description":"Match text in publication title.","examples":["Cellular"]},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract","description":"Match text in publication abstract.","examples":["Amygdala"]},"dateFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datefrom","description":"Match publications published from this date onwards (YYYY-MM-DD or just YYYY)."},"dateTo":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dateto","description":"Match publications published up to this date (YYYY-MM-DD or just YYYY).","examples":["2001-05-04"]},"indexedFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Indexedfrom","description":"Match only records indexed from this time"},"citationTypes":{"items":{"type":"string","enum":["supporting","contrasting","mentioning"]},"type":"array","title":"Citationtypes","description":"Match smart citations of certain types.","default":[]},"hasRetraction":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Hasretraction","description":"Publication has retraction or not.","examples":[true]},"hasConcern":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Hasconcern","description":"Publication has editorial concern or not.","examples":[true]},"hasCorrection":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Hascorrection","description":"Publication has correction or not.","examples":[true]},"hasErratum":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Haserratum","description":"Publication has erratum or not.","examples":[true]},"hasWithdrawn":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Haswithdrawn","description":"Publication has been withdrawn or not.","examples":[true]},"hasTally":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Hastally","description":"Publication has smart citations made towards it or not (i.e. a scite tally of > 0).","examples":[true]},"supportingFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Supportingfrom","description":"Number of supporting citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count."},"supportingTo":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Supportingto","description":"Number of supporting citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count.","examples":[1]},"mentioningFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Mentioningfrom","description":"Number of mentioning citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count.","examples":[100]},"mentioningTo":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Mentioningto","description":"Number of mentioning citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count.","examples":[500]},"contrastingFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contrastingfrom","description":"Number of contrasting citations made from publication. Leave blank for any count.","examples":[5]},"contrastingTo":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Contrastingto","description":"Number of contrasting citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count."},"citingPublicationsFrom":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Citingpublicationsfrom","description":"Number of traditional citations made from publication AKA the number of references. Leave blank for any count.","examples":[5]},"citingPublicationsTo":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Citingpublicationsto","description":"Number of traditional citations made toward publication. Leave blank for any count."},"author":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Author","description":"Publication author name.","examples":["Albert Einstein"]},"authors":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Authors","default":[]},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal","description":"Journal in which publication appears.","examples":["Nature"]},"journals":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Journals","default":[]},"publisher":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publisher","description":"Publisher of the publication.","examples":["Elsevier"]},"section":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Section","description":"Publication section in which citation statement appears."},"sections":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Sections","default":[]},"paperType":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Papertype","description":"Publication type."},"paperTypes":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Papertypes","default":[]},"affiliation":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Affiliation","description":"Author affiliation.","examples":["Stanford University"]},"affiliations":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Affiliations","default":[]},"topic":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Topic","description":"Publication topic.","examples":["Diplomacy"]},"topics":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Topics","default":[]},"substances":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Substances","description":"Pubchem substance canonical name.","default":[],"examples":["Bromantane"]},"meshType":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Meshtype","description":"Pubmed mesh descriptor and/or qualifier for publication.","default":[]},"dashboardSlug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dashboardslug"},"dashboardDoiSource":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","enum":["manual","search"]},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Dashboarddoisource","description":"For a dashboard search, restrict results to manually-added papers ('manual') or search-result papers ('search'). Defaults to all papers in the collection."},"computeAggregations":{"type":"boolean","title":"Computeaggregations","description":"For a given search query, this flag will control whether counts are computed and returned for the possible aggregations.","default":false},"aggregations":{"items":{"type":"string","enum":["authors","affiliations","paper_types","journals","topics","substances","mesh_descriptors","editorial_notices","date_histogram_tally","max_date","min_date"]},"type":"array","title":"Aggregations","description":"List of aggregation types to compute counts for. Only used if `compute_aggregations` is true.","default":["authors","affiliations","paper_types","journals","editorial_notices","date_histogram_tally","topics","mesh_descriptors","substances","max_date","min_date"],"examples":[["authors","journals"]]},"aggregationsOptions":{"type":"string","title":"Aggregationsoptions","default":""}},"type":"object","title":"QuerySchemaV2"},"RankByOptions":{"type":"string","enum":["all","relevance","date","citations","supporting-citations","contrasting-citations","journal-rank"],"title":"RankByOptions"},"ReasoningEffortOptions":{"type":"string","enum":["minimal","low","medium","high"],"title":"ReasoningEffortOptions"},"ReferencesFromCounts":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"pubTypes":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Pubtypes"},"journals":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Journals"},"relationships":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/RelationshipCounts"},"dateHistogram":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Datehistogram"},"authors":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object","title":"Authors"},"sections":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SectionCounts"},"types":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TypeCounts"}},"type":"object","required":["total","pubTypes","journals","relationships","dateHistogram","authors","sections","types"],"title":"ReferencesFromCounts","description":"Counts for filter sidebar when viewing references FROM a paper."},"ReferencesMetadataSchema":{"properties":{"totalReferenceCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalreferencecount"},"distinctSourceCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Distinctsourcecount"},"restrictedReferenceCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Restrictedreferencecount"},"isApproximate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Isapproximate"},"maxPaginationOffset":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Maxpaginationoffset"},"dateHistogram":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"additionalProperties":{"type":"integer"},"type":"object"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datehistogram"},"referencesCounts":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReferencesFromCounts"},{"type":"null"}]},"filteredCitationStatementsCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Filteredcitationstatementscount"}},"type":"object","required":["totalReferenceCount"],"title":"ReferencesMetadataSchema"},"ReferencesResponse":{"properties":{"metadata":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ReferencesMetadataSchema"},"references":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/sciteapi__models__reference__ReferenceSchema"},"type":"array","title":"References"},"tallies":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyDB"},{"type":"null"}]},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Tallies"},"papers":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Papers"}},"type":"object","required":["metadata","references"],"title":"ReferencesResponse","example":{"metadata":{"totalReferenceCount":45},"references":[{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0959-4388(02)00301-x"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07091.x"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/j.cpr.2004.07.006"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00039-1"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.044"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1097/00001756-199804200-00048"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1038/nn1173"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80219-6"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1176/appi.ajp.161.1.1"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01296-3"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1097/00001756-200001170-00024"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00036-0"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1002/mrm.1910330508"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1017/s0033291701004056"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.070"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1001/archpsyc.59.5.425"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0165-0270(02)00006-7"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1038/35094500"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1017/s0033291798007879"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/j.tips.2004.05.009"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1002/hipo.1113"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1007/s11920-003-0055-8"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1097/00001756-200108080-00050"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00965-5"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1558"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1006/nimg.2002.1087"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00171-9"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1002/1097-0193(200104)12:4<193::aid-hbm1015>3.0.co;2-a"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1002/(sici)1522-2594(199907)42:1<87::aid-mrm13>3.0.co;2-o"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00269-8"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1136/bmj.327.7414.515"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01263-x"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.273"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.01.007"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1001/archpsyc.59.11.1027"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1606"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1046"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.09.024"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1220"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01396-3"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1038/nn816"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1097/00001756-200102120-00039"},{"dataSource":"CR","selfCites":[],"source":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","target":"10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00248-5"}]}},"RelationshipCounts":{"properties":{"selfCite":{"type":"integer","title":"Selfcite"},"independent":{"type":"integer","title":"Independent"}},"type":"object","required":["selfCite","independent"],"title":"RelationshipCounts"},"ReportedEvents":{"properties":{"timeFrame":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Timeframe"},"eventsDescription":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Eventsdescription"},"groupList":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AEGroup"},"type":"array","title":"Grouplist"},"seriousVocab":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Seriousvocab"},"seriousDefaultAssessment":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Seriousdefaultassessment"},"otherVocab":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Othervocab"},"otherDefaultAssessment":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Otherdefaultassessment"},"events":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AEEvent"},"type":"array","title":"Events"}},"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"ReportedEvents","description":"Adverse events table as stored by ClinicalTrials.gov and indexed by Resolute.\n\nOnly present on trials that have results (hasResults=true). Contains the time frame of observation,\ngroup definitions, and a flat list of serious/other adverse events with per-group counts.\n\nResolute may return a single-element object instead of a list for groupList and events when\nthere is only one item (XML-to-JSON coercion artifact). Both shapes are accepted."},"ResultUrlResponse":{"properties":{"reportUrl":{"type":"string","minLength":1,"format":"uri","title":"Reporturl"}},"type":"object","required":["reportUrl"],"title":"ResultUrlResponse","example":{"reportUrl":"https://scite.ai/reference-check/683e0cbc-b322-4692-be6d-f5432b4a453c?authToken=eyJ0eA..."}},"ScheduleResponse":{"properties":{"id":{"type":"string","title":"Id"}},"type":"object","required":["id"],"title":"ScheduleResponse","example":{"id":"683e0cbc-b322-4692-be6d-f5432b4a453c"}},"SearchResultSchema":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"authors":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorResults"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authors"},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal"},"shortJournal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Shortjournal"},"publisher":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publisher"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"lastUpdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdate"},"volume":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Volume"},"issue":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issue"},"page":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Page"},"tally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"},"editorialNotices":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/EditorialNoticeSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Editorialnotices"},"normalizedTypes":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Normalizedtypes"},"isOa":{"type":"boolean","title":"Isoa","default":false},"oaStatus":{"type":"string","title":"Oastatus","default":"closed"},"meshTypes":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PubmedMeshTypeResponse"},"type":"array","title":"Meshtypes"},"relevancyScore":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Relevancyscore"},"citations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationSearch"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"},"fulltextExcerpts":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Fulltextexcerpts"},"highlightedFields":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Highlightedfields"}},"type":"object","title":"SearchResultSchema"},"SearchResultSchemaWithDateStr-Input":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"authors":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorResults"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authors"},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal"},"shortJournal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Shortjournal"},"publisher":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publisher"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"lastUpdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdate"},"volume":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Volume"},"issue":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issue"},"page":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Page"},"tally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"},"editorialNotices":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/EditorialNoticeSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Editorialnotices"},"normalizedTypes":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Normalizedtypes"},"isOa":{"type":"boolean","title":"Isoa","default":false},"oaStatus":{"type":"string","title":"Oastatus","default":"closed"},"meshTypes":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PubmedMeshTypeResponse"},"type":"array","title":"Meshtypes"},"relevancyScore":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Relevancyscore"},"citations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationSearch"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"},"fulltextExcerpts":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Fulltextexcerpts"},"highlightedFields":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Highlightedfields"}},"type":"object","title":"SearchResultSchemaWithDateStr"},"SearchResultSchemaWithDateStr-Output":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"authors":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorResults"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authors"},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal"},"shortJournal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Shortjournal"},"publisher":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publisher"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"lastUpdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdate"},"volume":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Volume"},"issue":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issue"},"page":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Page"},"tally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"},"editorialNotices":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/EditorialNoticeSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Editorialnotices"},"normalizedTypes":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Normalizedtypes"},"isOa":{"type":"boolean","title":"Isoa","default":false},"oaStatus":{"type":"string","title":"Oastatus","default":"closed"},"meshTypes":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PubmedMeshTypeResponse"},"type":"array","title":"Meshtypes"},"relevancyScore":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Relevancyscore"},"citations":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/CitationSearch"},"type":"array","title":"Citations"},"fulltextExcerpts":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Fulltextexcerpts"},"highlightedFields":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Highlightedfields"}},"type":"object","title":"SearchResultSchemaWithDateStr"},"SearchResultsResponse":{"properties":{"count":{"type":"integer","title":"Count"},"countIsApproximate":{"type":"boolean","title":"Countisapproximate","default":false},"aggregations":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AggregationSchema"},"hits":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SearchResultSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Hits"},"suggestedTerm":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Suggestedterm"},"restrictedCites":{"type":"boolean","title":"Restrictedcites","default":false}},"type":"object","required":["count","aggregations","hits"],"title":"SearchResultsResponse","example":{"aggregations":{"affiliations":[],"authors":[],"citationTypeDateHistogram":[],"dateHistogram":[],"editorialNotices":[],"journals":[],"meshDescriptors":[],"paperTypes":[],"substances":[],"topics":[]},"count":111787,"hits":[{"abstract":"The ability to alter genomes specifically by CRISPR-Cas gene editing has revolutionized biological research, biotechnology, and medicine. Broad therapeutic application of this technology, however, will require thorough preclinical assessment of off-target editing by homology-based prediction coupled with reliable methods for detecting off-target editing. Several off-target site nomination assays exist, but careful comparison is needed to ascertain their relative strengths and weaknesses. In this study, HEK293T cells were treated with\n \n Streptococcus pyogenes\n \n Cas9 and eight guide RNAs with varying levels of predicted promiscuity in order to compare the performance of three homology-independent off-target nomination methods: the cell-based assay, GUIDE-seq, and the biochemical assays CIRCLE-seq and SITE-seq. The three methods were benchmarked by sequencing 75,000 homology-nominated sites using hybrid capture followed by high-throughput sequencing, providing the most comprehensive assessment of such methods to date. The three methods performed similarly in nominating sequence-confirmed off-target sites, but with large differences in the total number of sites nominated. When combined with homology-dependent nomination methods and confirmation by sequencing, all three off-target nomination methods provide a comprehensive assessment of off-target activity. GUIDE-seq's low false-positive rate and the high correlation of its signal with observed editing highlight its suitability for nominating off-target sites for\n \n ex vivo\n \n CRISPR-Cas therapies.","authors":[{"authorName":"Nicole Flanagan","authorSequenceNumber":"5","authorSlug":"nicole-flanagan-RVyDAMN"},{"authorName":"Maria C Lei Zhang","authorSequenceNumber":"6","authorSlug":"maria-c-lei-zhang-K6bjW3p"},{"authorName":"John D Kulman","authorSequenceNumber":"13","authorSlug":"john-d-kulman-9O8j4OG"},{"authorName":"Andrew Kernytsky","authorSequenceNumber":"15","authorSlug":"andrew-kernytsky-VKLdVO"},{"authorName":"Elaine Huang","authorSequenceNumber":"7","authorSlug":"elaine-huang-dvv0pd9"},{"authorName":"Aditya S Khedkar","authorSequenceNumber":"8","authorSlug":"aditya-s-khedkar-XxaxLDE"},{"authorName":"J Mike Toomey","authorSequenceNumber":"9","authorSlug":"j-mike-toomey-mOPAr62"},{"authorName":"Courtney A Shearer","authorSequenceNumber":"10","authorSlug":"courtney-a-shearer-D1MV3Lw"},{"authorName":"Alexander W Needham","authorSequenceNumber":"11","authorSlug":"alexander-w-needham-EWmRZnP"},{"authorName":"Tony W. Ho","authorSequenceNumber":"12","authorSlug":"tony-w-ho-mG9vLj"},{"affiliation":"CRISPR Therapeutics","affiliationSlug":"crispr-therapeutics-XegjD","authorName":"Hemangi G. Chaudhari","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"hemangi-g-chaudhari-ePLGRZ"},{"authorName":"Thomas J. Cradick","authorSequenceNumber":"14","authorSlug":"thomas-j-cradick-4YpK8P"},{"affiliation":"TScan Therapeutics","affiliationSlug":"tscan-therapeutics-j6D0l","authorName":"Holly J Whitton","authorSequenceNumber":"3","authorSlug":"holly-j-whitton-68br3jp"},{"affiliation":"CRISPR Therapeutics","affiliationSlug":"crispr-therapeutics-XegjD","authorName":"Jon Penterman","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"jon-penterman-ke5XYw3"},{"affiliation":"CRISPR Therapeutics","affiliationSlug":"crispr-therapeutics-XegjD","authorName":"Sarah J Spencer","authorSequenceNumber":"4","authorSlug":"sarah-j-spencer-MVEyDLY"}],"citations":[{"id":2369710504,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8899999856948853","negative":0.015631215646862984,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.018351007252931595,"refLocation":"b2/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"The development of engineered nucleases that target specific sites in the genome has driven advances in basic and applied research at a rapid pace. 1 , 2 The more recent advent of facile CRISPR-Cas methods for programmable RNA-guided genome editing has further quickened the pace of both discovery and clinical application. 3 , 4 The Cas9 nuclease, in combination with a chimeric guide RNA (gRNA), cleaves genomic sites in a sequence-specific manner.","snippetHidden":false,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0053","target":"10.1038/mtna.2011.5","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2020-12-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0053","editorialNotices":[{"date":"2020-12-1","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0053","noticeDoi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.29116.smi","status":"Comment"},{"date":"2021-2-1","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0053","noticeDoi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0053.correx","status":"Has erratum"}],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0053","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"6","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1621320453,"meshTypes":[{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000379","qualifierName":"methods"},{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000639","qualifierName":"trends"},{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000941","qualifierName":"ethics"},{"descriptorId":"D064113","descriptorName":"CRISPR-Cas Systems","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D015894","descriptorName":"Genome, Human","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D042822","descriptorName":"Genomic Instability","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D059014","descriptorName":"High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing","qualifierId":"Q000379","qualifierName":"methods"},{"descriptorId":"D017394","descriptorName":"RNA, Guide","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D013297","descriptorName":"Streptococcus pyogenes","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D013297","descriptorName":"Streptococcus pyogenes","qualifierId":"Q000472","qualifierName":"pathogenicity"}],"normalizedTypes":["research support, non-u.s. gov't","article"],"page":"440-453","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"evaluation-of-homology-independent-crispr-cas9-off-target-8G5M9DL9","tally":{"citingPublications":13,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":9,"supporting":0,"total":9,"unclassified":0},"title":"Evaluation of Homology-Independent CRISPR-Cas9 Off-Target Assessment Methods","volume":"3","year":2020},{"abstract":"The constant selective pressure exerted by phages, the viruses that infect bacteria, has led to the evolution of a wide range of anti-phage defenses. One of these defense mechanisms, CRISPR-Cas, provides an adaptive immune system to battle phage infection and inhibit horizontal gene transfer by plasmids, transposons, and other mobile genetic elements. Although CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread in bacteria and archaea, they appear to have minimal long-term evolutionary effects with respect to limiting horizontal gene transfer. One factor that may contribute to this may be the presence of potent inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas systems, known as anti-CRISPR proteins. Forty unique families of anti-CRISPR proteins have been described to date. These inhibitors, which are active against both Class 1 and 2 CRISPR-Cas systems, have a wide range of mechanisms of activity. Studies of these proteins have provided important insight into the evolutionary arms race between bacteria and phages, and have contributed to the development of biotechnological tools that can be harnessed for control of CRISPR-Cas genome editing.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorName":"Sungwon Hwang","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"sungwon-hwang-G35YWgb"},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorName":"Karen L. Maxwell","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"karen-l-maxwell-RZvJNG"}],"citations":[{"id":2187679880,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8899999856948853","negative":0.03010692000389099,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.02649279497563839,"refLocation":"b27/4","section":"protein inhibitors of crispr-cas systems 27","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0052","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.037","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2187679811,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9300000071525574","negative":0.009289187192916869,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.012535284273326397,"refLocation":"b7/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0052","target":"10.1038/nature11723","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2187679834,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8999999761581421","negative":0.0020255858078598974,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.0019376501441001892,"refLocation":"b23/1","section":"probing for additional anti-crisprs","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0052","target":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0043","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2019-02-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0052","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0052","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"1","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1614211293,"meshTypes":[{"descriptorId":"D001105","descriptorName":"Archaea","qualifierId":"Q000821","qualifierName":"virology"},{"descriptorId":"D001419","descriptorName":"Bacteria","qualifierId":"Q000821","qualifierName":"virology"},{"descriptorId":"D001435","descriptorName":"Bacteriophages","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D017105","descriptorName":"Pseudomonas Phages","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D014764","descriptorName":"Viral Proteins","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D001105","descriptorName":"Archaea","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D001105","descriptorName":"Archaea","qualifierId":"Q000276","qualifierName":"immunology"},{"descriptorId":"D001419","descriptorName":"Bacteria","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D001419","descriptorName":"Bacteria","qualifierId":"Q000276","qualifierName":"immunology"},{"descriptorId":"D001435","descriptorName":"Bacteriophages","qualifierId":"Q000378","qualifierName":"metabolism"},{"descriptorId":"D000076987","descriptorName":"CRISPR-Associated Protein 9","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D000076987","descriptorName":"CRISPR-Associated Protein 9","qualifierId":"Q000276","qualifierName":"immunology"},{"descriptorId":"D064112","descriptorName":"Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats","qualifierId":"Q000276","qualifierName":"immunology"},{"descriptorId":"D019295","descriptorName":"Computational Biology","qualifierId":"Q000379","qualifierName":"methods"},{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000379","qualifierName":"methods"},{"descriptorId":"D010957","descriptorName":"Plasmids","qualifierId":"Q000378","qualifierName":"metabolism"},{"descriptorId":"D039002","descriptorName":"Prophages","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D039002","descriptorName":"Prophages","qualifierId":"Q000378","qualifierName":"metabolism"},{"descriptorId":"D017105","descriptorName":"Pseudomonas Phages","qualifierId":"Q000378","qualifierName":"metabolism"},{"descriptorId":"D014764","descriptorName":"Viral Proteins","qualifierId":"Q000378","qualifierName":"metabolism"}],"normalizedTypes":["article","review"],"page":"23-30","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"meet-the-anti-crisprs-widespread-protein-A32PLdE","tally":{"citingPublications":57,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":52,"supporting":0,"total":52,"unclassified":0},"title":"Meet the Anti-CRISPRs: Widespread Protein Inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas Systems","volume":"2","year":2019},{"abstract":"CRISPR-Cas has proven to be the most versatile genetic tinkering system of our time, predominantly as a precision genome editing tool. Here, we demonstrate two additions to the repertoire of CRISPR's application for constructing donor DNA templates: CRISPR-CLONInG and CRISPR-CLIP. CRISPR-CLONInG (CRISPR-Cutting and Ligation Of Nucleic acid In vitro via Gibson) was devised to enable efficient cut-and-paste of multiple complex DNA fragments by using CRISPR-Cas9 as a digestion alternative with precision and exclusivity features, followed by joining the digested products via Gibson Assembly, to construct double-stranded DNA and adeno-associated virus (AAV) donor vectors rapidly without cloning scars. CRISPR-CLIP (CRISPR-Clipped Long ssDNA via Incising Plasmid) was devised as a DNA clipping tool to retrieve long single-stranded DNA (lssDNA) efficiently from plasmid, up to 3.5 kbase, which can be supplied as the donor template for creating genetically engineered mice via Easi-CRISPR. We utilized two different Cas types (Cpf1 and Cas9n) to induce two distinct incisions at the respective ends of the lssDNA cassette junctions on the plasmid, yielding three independent single-stranded DNA units of unique sizes eligible for strand separation, followed by target strand clip-out through gel extraction. The retrieval of the lssDNA donor circumvents involvements of restriction enzymes and DNA polymerase-based steps. Hence, it not only retains sequence fidelity but also carries virtually no restriction on sequence composition, further mitigating limitations on the current Easi-CRISPR method. With the add-on feature of universal DNA-tag sequences of Cpf1-Cas9 duo protospacer adjacent motif, CRISPR-CLIP can be facile and applicable to generate lssDNA templates for any genomic target of choice. Additionally, we demonstrate robust gene editing efficiencies in the neuroblastoma cell line, as well as in mice attained with the AAV and lssDNA donors constructed herein.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Rockefeller University","affiliationSlug":"rockefeller-university-n6RX","authorName":"Dorjee T.N. Shola","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"dorjee-t-n-shola-K6PxwWe"},{"affiliation":"Rockefeller University","affiliationSlug":"rockefeller-university-n6RX","authorName":"Chingwen Yang","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"chingwen-yang-XjPX2D"},{"affiliation":"Rockefeller University","affiliationSlug":"rockefeller-university-n6RX","authorName":"Vhy-Shelta Kewaldar","authorSequenceNumber":"3","authorSlug":"vhy-shelta-kewaldar-3nvp5wd"},{"affiliation":"Rockefeller University","affiliationSlug":"rockefeller-university-n6RX","authorName":"Pradip Kar","authorSequenceNumber":"4","authorSlug":"pradip-kar-V0W1a0W"},{"affiliation":"Rockefeller University","affiliationSlug":"rockefeller-university-n6RX","authorName":"Victor Bustos","authorSequenceNumber":"5","authorSlug":"victor-bustos-9RmVeb"}],"citations":[{"id":2062798832,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9300000071525574","negative":0.010288532450795173,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.008860928937792778,"refLocation":"b9/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2019.0062","target":"10.1038/ncomms10431","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2062798824,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8700000047683716","negative":0.0035790209658443928,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.0031804069876670837,"refLocation":"b0/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2019.0062","target":"10.1126/science.1225829","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2062798828,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9100000262260437","negative":0.009582705795764923,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.007374918088316917,"refLocation":"b5/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2019.0062","target":"10.1126/science.1232033","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2020-04-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2019.0062","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2019.0062","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"2","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1653308316,"meshTypes":[{"descriptorId":"D064113","descriptorName":"CRISPR-Cas Systems","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D003001","descriptorName":"Cloning, Molecular","qualifierId":"Q000379","qualifierName":"methods"},{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000379","qualifierName":"methods"},{"descriptorId":"D064112","descriptorName":"Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D004247","descriptorName":"DNA","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D004277","descriptorName":"DNA, Single-Stranded","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"},{"descriptorId":"D010957","descriptorName":"Plasmids","qualifierId":"Q000235","qualifierName":"genetics"}],"normalizedTypes":["article","research support, non-u.s. gov't"],"page":"109-122","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"new-additions-to-the-crispr-pn2mgzgQ","tally":{"citingPublications":4,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":2,"supporting":0,"total":2,"unclassified":0},"title":"New Additions to the CRISPR Toolbox: CRISPR-CLONInG and CRISPR-CLIP for Donor Construction in Genome Editing","volume":"3","year":2020},{"abstract":"The discovery of CRISPR has revolutionized the field of genome engineering, but the potential of this technology is far from reaching its limits. In this review, we explore the broad range of applications of CRISPR technology to highlight the rapid expansion of the field beyond gene editing alone. It has been demonstrated that CRISPR technology can control gene expression, spatiotemporally image the genome in vivo, and detect specific nucleic acid sequences for diagnostics. In addition, new technologies are under development to improve CRISPR quality controls for gene editing, thereby improving the reliability of these technologies for therapeutics and beyond. These are just some of the many CRISPR tools that have been developed in recent years, and the toolbox continues to diversify.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Copenhagen","affiliationSlug":"university-of-copenhagen-d3k1","authorName":"Sarah Balderston","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"sarah-balderston-PQDRO4R"},{"affiliation":"University of Copenhagen","affiliationSlug":"university-of-copenhagen-d3k1","authorName":"Gabrielle Clouse","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"gabrielle-clouse-0agNzrP"},{"affiliation":"University of Copenhagen","affiliationSlug":"university-of-copenhagen-d3k1","authorName":"Juan-José Ripoll","authorSequenceNumber":"3","authorSlug":"juan-jose-ripoll-ZxJz18y"},{"affiliation":"University of Copenhagen","affiliationSlug":"university-of-copenhagen-d3k1","authorName":"Grace K Pratt","authorSequenceNumber":"4","authorSlug":"grace-k-pratt-JW0z31D"},{"affiliation":"Novo Nordisk","affiliationSlug":"novo-nordisk-KOwJ","authorName":"Giedrius Gasiunas","authorSequenceNumber":"5","authorSlug":"giedrius-gasiunas-PQek6V"},{"affiliation":"University of Copenhagen","affiliationSlug":"university-of-copenhagen-d3k1","authorName":"Jens-Ole Bock","authorSequenceNumber":"6","authorSlug":"jens-ole-bock-kZ62J6w"},{"affiliation":"Novo Nordisk","affiliationSlug":"novo-nordisk-KOwJ","authorName":"Eric P. Bennett","authorSequenceNumber":"7","authorSlug":"eric-p-bennett-6wwEM1"},{"affiliation":"University of Copenhagen","affiliationSlug":"university-of-copenhagen-d3k1","authorName":"Kiana Aran","authorSequenceNumber":"8","authorSlug":"kiana-aran-68aQNp"}],"citations":[{"id":2493201676,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8299999833106995","negative":0.009431590139865874,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.009461314417421818,"refLocation":"b121/1","section":"","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0137","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.054","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2493201659,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8199999928474426","negative":0.0028272774070501328,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.004844860639423132,"refLocation":"b113/1","section":"","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0137","target":"10.1038/s41467-018-07498-y","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2493201661,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8299999833106995","negative":0.012460177391767501,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.012772923335433006,"refLocation":"b115/1","section":"","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0137","target":"10.1126/science.aac6572","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2021-06-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0137","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0137","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"3","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1624946906,"meshTypes":[],"normalizedTypes":["research support, n.i.h., extramural","article","research support, u.s. gov't, non-p.h.s."],"page":"400-415","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"diversification-of-the-crispr-toolbox-LedVvaP5","title":"Diversification of the CRISPR Toolbox: Applications of CRISPR-Cas Systems Beyond Genome Editing","volume":"4","year":2021},{"abstract":"Over the past two decades, developments in nextgeneration sequencing technologies have led a flourishing era of ''genome reading''. Recent CRISPR-based editing technologies are the beginning of a ''genome editing'' renaissance. CRISPR sequences were first discovered by microbiologists, but since 2012-2013, scientists across numerous fields worldwide have been attracted by the potential of CRISPR-Cas editing technologies as a versatile and accessible genome editing tool. A growing genome editing toolbox based on CRISPR systems involving Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, base editors (BEs), and prime editors (PEs) is advancing research in agriculture, biology, biotechnology, and medicine. [1][2][3] China has established itself as one of leading nations in the CRISPR revolution due to the immense scientific curiosity of the research community and generous support from the Chinese government, including heavy investment from central, provincial, and city governments in China. Both the National Natural Science Foundation of the central government and the Ministry of Science and Technology have approved multiple projects in various disciplines. In September 2017, China launched the Committee of Genome Editing, Genetics Society of China, which became a platform for accessible communication and cooperation between scientists to accelerate the development of CRISPR research and applications in China. At this annual workshop, scientists working in agriculture, basic research, biotechnology, and medicine shared their group's progress.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","affiliationSlug":"chinese-academy-of-sciences-k1lJ","authorName":"Caixia Gao","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"caixia-gao-rnWgAO"},{"affiliation":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","affiliationSlug":"chinese-academy-of-sciences-k1lJ","authorName":"Jia Chen","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"jia-chen-6Nnlr1"}],"citations":[{"id":2493201788,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9100000262260437","negative":0.01616244502365589,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.018683597445487976,"refLocation":"b4/1","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2021.29129.gao","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2016.12.031","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2493201807,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8899999856948853","negative":0.015953593701124192,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.01561760250478983,"refLocation":"b25/1","section":"plant progress","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2021.29129.gao","target":"10.1038/nbt.4202","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2493201817,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8999999761581421","negative":0.022968332469463348,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.060677677392959595,"refLocation":"b34/1","section":"animal models and clinical trials","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2021.29129.gao","target":"10.1056/nejmoa1817426","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2021-06-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2021.29129.gao","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2021.29129.gao","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"3","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1624946906,"meshTypes":[],"normalizedTypes":["article","editorial"],"page":"304-306","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"crispr-adventures-in-china-2NkOdG6D","title":"CRISPR Adventures in China","volume":"4","year":2021},{"abstract":"Over the past 8 years, the widespread adoption of CRISPR-based technologies has fueled the global genome editing revolution. This platform is based on Cas molecular machines such as Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, as well as other CRISPR effector proteins that are able to alter the genome, transcriptome, and epigenome of virtually any species. Technological improvements have rendered these tools more efficient and precise, and enabled functional diversification and specialization, as recently illustrated by the rise of base editing and the quickly growing demand for prime editing constructs. Here, we discuss the continued adoption of CRISPR tools and constructs distributed by the nonprofit organization Addgene, highlight the trends in the global demand for the CRISPR toolbox, and consider the widespread attitude changes around open sharing that are having a transformative effect on speeding up science.","authors":[{"affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationSlug":"north-carolina-state-university-dv2b","authorName":"Rodolphe Barrangou","authorSequenceNumber":"3","authorSlug":"rodolphe-barrangou-1gjmnM"},{"authorName":"Caroline M LaManna","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"caroline-m-lamanna-n6l1meV"},{"authorName":"Brook Pyhtila","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"brook-pyhtila-G3lv041"}],"citations":[{"id":2181110106,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9599999785423279","negative":0.008461072482168675,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.014807685278356075,"refLocation":"b2/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0075","target":"10.1038/nbt.2177","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2181110102,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9300000071525574","negative":0.010484088957309722,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.009676134213805199,"refLocation":"b0/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0075","target":"10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2181110111,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.949999988079071","negative":0.01637991853058338,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.017453733831644058,"refLocation":"b0/5","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0075","target":"10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2020-08-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0075","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2020.0075","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"4","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1614211293,"meshTypes":[{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000706","qualifierName":"statistics & numerical data"},{"descriptorId":"D000072669","descriptorName":"Gene Editing","qualifierId":"Q000639","qualifierName":"trends"}],"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"248-252","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"sharing-the-crispr-toolbox-with-b2nDdzdk","tally":{"citingPublications":3,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":1,"supporting":0,"total":1,"unclassified":0},"title":"Sharing the CRISPR Toolbox with an Expanding Community","volume":"3","year":2020},{"abstract":"Despite the strong presence of Chinese scientists in genome-editing research, little attention has been paid to the legal, economic, and scientific development of patented CRISPR technologies in China. In this study, we focus on CRISPR patent documents from academic and industrial Chinese players to assess their positioning on this breakthrough technology. We review the fields of application and the CRISPR components claimed in the relevant patent documents. Our results show different profiles observed for academic or industrial assignees. Most of the patent families in our data set cover applications in genome editing and nucleic-acid detection for human therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Trends in the patent data since 2014 confirm that China' R&D has rapidly developed a significant CRISPR patent landscape of its own, covering a diverse range of systems and applications. These recent developments deserve closer scrutiny from the international CRISPR community.","authors":[{"authorName":"Fabien Palazzoli","authorSequenceNumber":"3","authorSlug":"fabien-palazzoli-QEbNrQ"},{"authorName":"Solenne Bire","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"solenne-bire-8A25pQ"},{"authorName":"Corinne Le Buhan","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"corinne-le-buhan-pxY89AQ"}],"citations":[{"id":2493201751,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8999999761581421","negative":0.037576666474342345,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.007451415061950684,"refLocation":"b23/1","section":"distribution of international patent application extensions","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2021.0020","target":"10.1007/s15010-020-01554-w","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2493201750,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9300000071525574","negative":0.0068170661106705666,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.0075931367464363575,"refLocation":"b17/1","section":"methods","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2021.0020","target":"10.1038/s41587-019-0138-7","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2493201748,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9399999976158142","negative":0.030483537912368772,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.031298160552978516,"refLocation":"b1/2","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2021.0020","target":"10.1126/science.1225829","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2021-06-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2021.0020","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2021.0020","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"3","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1624946906,"meshTypes":[],"normalizedTypes":["article","research support, non-u.s. gov't"],"page":"339-349","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"the-crispr-patent-landscape-focus-n6KlMyxk","tally":{"citingPublications":1,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":3,"supporting":0,"total":3,"unclassified":0},"title":"The CRISPR Patent Landscape: Focus on Chinese Researchers","volume":"4","year":2021},{"abstract":"CRISPR technology has dramatically changed scientists' ability to conduct research in medicine, biotechnology, and agriculture through faster, more efficient genome editing. A key driver of the technology's adoption is the easy, fast, and inexpensive access to vectors and the resulting next-generation tools by the nonprofit plasmid repository Addgene. Since 2013, Addgene has shipped over 100,000 CRISPR plasmids to more than 75 countries worldwide. This pipeline of new technologies is enabling cutting-edge research to address the grand challenges of mankind.","authors":[{"affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationSlug":"north-carolina-state-university-dv2b","authorName":"Caroline M LaManna","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"caroline-m-lamanna-n6l1meV"},{"affiliation":"North Carolina State University","affiliationSlug":"north-carolina-state-university-dv2b","authorName":"Rodolphe Barrangou","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"rodolphe-barrangou-1gjmnM"}],"citations":[{"id":2311317903,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9399999976158142","negative":0.013812662288546562,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.019115913659334183,"refLocation":"b4/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0022","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.010","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2311317900,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9200000166893005","negative":0.00758434385061264,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.007091222796589136,"refLocation":"b1/1","section":"introduction","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0022","target":"10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.92","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2311317905,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.949999988079071","negative":0.03981065154075623,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.03066163882613182,"refLocation":"b6/1","section":"democratizing crispr","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0022","target":"10.1126/science.307.5717.1877a","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2018-06-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0022","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0022","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"3","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1614211293,"meshTypes":[],"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"205-208","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"enabling-the-rise-of-a-OVdPEen","tally":{"citingPublications":17,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":8,"supporting":0,"total":8,"unclassified":0},"title":"Enabling the Rise of a CRISPR World","volume":"1","year":2018},{"abstract":"The CRISPR-CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease system offers the ability to perform unprecedented functional genetic experiments and the promise of therapy for a variety of genetic disorders. The understanding of factors contributing to CRISPR targeting efficacy and specificity continues to evolve. As CRISPR systems rely on Watson-Crick base pairing to ultimately mediate genomic cleavage, it logically follows that genetic variation would affect CRISPR targeting by increasing or decreasing sequence homology at on-target and off-target sites or by altering protospacer adjacent motifs. Numerous efforts have been made to document the extent of human genetic variation, which can serve as resources to understand and mitigate the effect of genetic variation on CRISPR targeting. Here, we review efforts to elucidate the effect of human genetic variation on CRISPR targeting at on-target and off-target sites with considerations for laboratory experiments and clinical translation of CRISPR-based therapies.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Harvard University","affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","authorName":"Matthew C. Canver","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"matthew-c-canver-9OzG29"},{"affiliation":"Harvard University","affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","authorName":"J. Keith Joung","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"j-keith-joung-1Z9dGV"},{"affiliation":"Harvard University","affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","authorName":"Luca Pinello","authorSequenceNumber":"3","authorSlug":"luca-pinello-b2KgY6"}],"citations":[{"id":2446950013,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8799999952316284","negative":0.01042686626315117,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.011256013065576553,"refLocation":"b103/1","section":"alteration of the off-target landscape by genetic variation","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2017.0016","target":"10.1001/jama.2015.287","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2446949881,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9100000262260437","negative":0.003670770954340696,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.003853459842503071,"refLocation":"b25/1","section":"human genetic variation","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2017.0016","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.005","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":2446949997,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.800000011920929","negative":0.01579469069838524,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.01340237632393837,"refLocation":"b89/1","section":"alteration of the off-target landscape by genetic variation","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2017.0016","target":"10.1016/j.molp.2015.06.001","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2018-04-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2017.0016","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2017.0016","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"2","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1620137337,"meshTypes":[],"normalizedTypes":["article","review"],"page":"159-170","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"impact-of-genetic-variation-on-J12p0ED","tally":{"citingPublications":13,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":8,"supporting":0,"total":8,"unclassified":0},"title":"Impact of Genetic Variation on CRISPR-Cas Targeting","volume":"1","year":2018},{"abstract":"Abstract Student-centered practices, including student-focused research opportunities, enhance biology education and comprehension. One way to support student interest is through research opportunities in faculty laboratories. However, alternatives to traditional research apprenticeships are important for the inclusion of more undergraduate students in CRISPR-Cas-based research. Student interest in CRISPR-Cas technologies serves as a timely focal point for deepening undergraduate student engagement in biology courses. In this article, we describe some of the ongoing efforts to bring CRISPR-Cas technology out of the classroom and into the teaching laboratory.\nIntroductionThe most effective biology teaching actively engages students in their classrooms and coursework through group-work, activities, and discussion, which all access higher-order thinking and problem-solving skills.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Western Washington University","affiliationSlug":"western-washington-university-vZeN","authorName":"Lina Dahlberg","authorSequenceNumber":"1","authorSlug":"lina-dahlberg-9OpEQYb"},{"affiliation":"Western Washington University","affiliationSlug":"western-washington-university-vZeN","authorName":"Anna M Groat Carmona","authorSequenceNumber":"2","authorSlug":"anna-m-groat-carmona-vJXwMjW"}],"citations":[{"id":1026238417,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9100000262260437","negative":0.0003956407424993813,"neutral":1.0982242345809938,"positive":0.0008117514313198626,"refLocation":"b21/5","section":"measuring success","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0007","target":"10.1038/nprot.2016.186","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0982242345809938},{"id":1026238405,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.9200000166893005","negative":0.007233731634914874,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.00824350118637085,"refLocation":"b24/2","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0007","target":"10.1002/bmb.21025","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0},{"id":1026238385,"lang":"en","langConfidence":"0.8700000047683716","negative":0.01746259890496731,"neutral":1.0,"positive":0.017191654071211815,"refLocation":"b5/1","section":"faculty research opportunities","selfCites":[],"snippet":"","snippetHidden":true,"source":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0007","target":"10.1002/sce.20173","type":"mentioning","typeConfidence":1.0}],"date":"2018-04-01","doi":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0007","editorialNotices":[],"highlightedFields":["journal","shortJournal","abstract","citations.snippet","title"],"id":"10.1089/crispr.2018.0007","issns":["2573-1599","2573-1602"],"issue":"2","journal":"The crispr Journal","lastUpdate":1614211293,"meshTypes":[],"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"107-114","publisher":"Mary Ann Liebert Inc","shortJournal":"The CRISPR Journal","slug":"crispr-cas-technology-in-and-out-RVdWyv5","tally":{"citingPublications":12,"contradicting":0,"mentioning":10,"supporting":0,"total":10,"unclassified":0},"title":"CRISPR-Cas Technology In and Out of the Classroom","volume":"1","year":2018}],"restrictedCites":true}},"SectionCounts":{"properties":{"introduction":{"type":"integer","title":"Introduction"},"methods":{"type":"integer","title":"Methods"},"results":{"type":"integer","title":"Results"},"discussion":{"type":"integer","title":"Discussion"},"other":{"type":"integer","title":"Other"}},"type":"object","required":["introduction","methods","results","discussion","other"],"title":"SectionCounts"},"SectionTalliesSchema":{"properties":{"tallies":{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SectionTallyResponse"},"type":"object","title":"Tallies"}},"type":"object","required":["tallies"],"title":"SectionTalliesSchema","example":{"tallies":{"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012":{"discussion":98,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","introduction":93,"methods":13,"other":110,"results":8,"total":347},"10.1093/brain/awn044":{"discussion":15,"doi":"10.1093/brain/awn044","introduction":9,"methods":4,"other":9,"results":1,"total":38}}}},"SectionTallyResponse":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"introduction":{"type":"integer","title":"Introduction"},"results":{"type":"integer","title":"Results"},"methods":{"type":"integer","title":"Methods"},"discussion":{"type":"integer","title":"Discussion"},"other":{"type":"integer","title":"Other"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"}},"type":"object","required":["total","introduction","results","methods","discussion","other"],"title":"SectionTallyResponse","example":{"discussion":98,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","introduction":93,"methods":13,"other":110,"results":8,"total":347}},"SelfCiteSchema":{"properties":{"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"family":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Family"},"given":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Given"}},"type":"object","required":["type","family","given"],"title":"SelfCiteSchema"},"SmartCitation":{"properties":{"snippet":{"type":"string","title":"Snippet"},"source":{"type":"string","title":"Source"},"target":{"type":"string","title":"Target"},"type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Type"},"section":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Section"}},"type":"object","required":["snippet","source","target"],"title":"SmartCitation"},"SmartCitationTalliesSchema":{"properties":{"tallies":{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},"type":"object","title":"Tallies"}},"type":"object","required":["tallies"],"title":"SmartCitationTalliesSchema","example":{"tallies":{"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012":{"citingPublications":436,"contradicting":6,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","mentioning":308,"supporting":27,"total":347,"unclassified":6},"10.1093/brain/awn044":{"citingPublications":50,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1093/brain/awn044","mentioning":34,"supporting":3,"total":38,"unclassified":0}}}},"SourceMetadata":{"properties":{"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"authors":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Authors"},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal"},"volume":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Volume"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"page":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Page"},"keywords":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Keywords"}},"type":"object","title":"SourceMetadata"},"StructuredColumn":{"properties":{"name":{"type":"string","title":"Name"},"slug":{"type":"string","title":"Slug"},"instructions":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Instructions"},"type":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/ColumnType","default":"response"},"order":{"type":"integer","title":"Order","default":0},"json_response_type":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","enum":["concise","boolean"]},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Json Response Type"}},"type":"object","required":["name","slug"],"title":"StructuredColumn"},"StyleOptions":{"type":"string","enum":["apa","ieee","mla","ama","chicago","harvard","vancouver","bibtex"],"title":"StyleOptions"},"SuggestedPaperSchema":{"properties":{"id":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Id"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"},"title":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Title"},"slug":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Slug"},"authors":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/AuthorResults"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Authors"},"journal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Journal"},"shortJournal":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Shortjournal"},"publisher":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publisher"},"memberId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Memberid"},"abstract":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Abstract"},"year":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Year"},"date":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Date"},"lastUpdate":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdate"},"volume":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Volume"},"issue":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issue"},"page":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Page"},"tally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"issns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Issns"},"isOa":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Isoa"},"oaStatus":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Oastatus"},"smartCitation":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SmartCitation"},{"type":"null"}]},"score":{"anyOf":[{"type":"number"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Score"}},"type":"object","title":"SuggestedPaperSchema"},"TallyDB":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting"},"contradicting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contradicting"},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning"},"unclassified":{"type":"integer","title":"Unclassified"},"doi":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"},"citingPublications":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Citingpublications"}},"type":"object","required":["total","supporting","contradicting","mentioning","unclassified","doi"],"title":"TallyDB","example":{"citingPublications":436,"contradicting":6,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","mentioning":308,"supporting":27,"total":347,"unclassified":6}},"TallyResponse":{"properties":{"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting"},"contradicting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contradicting"},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning"},"unclassified":{"type":"integer","title":"Unclassified"},"doi":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Doi"},"citingPublications":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Citingpublications"}},"type":"object","required":["total","supporting","contradicting","mentioning","unclassified"],"title":"TallyResponse","example":{"citingPublications":436,"contradicting":6,"doi":"10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.012","mentioning":308,"supporting":27,"total":347,"unclassified":6}},"TaskInfo":{"properties":{"description":{"type":"string","title":"Description"},"step":{"type":"integer","title":"Step"},"totalSteps":{"type":"integer","title":"Totalsteps"}},"type":"object","required":["description","step","totalSteps"],"title":"TaskInfo"},"TaskResponse":{"properties":{"status":{"type":"string","enum":["PENDING","STARTED","FAILURE","REVOKED","SUCCESS","CANCELLED"],"title":"Status"},"overallTally":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},{"type":"null"}]},"info":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TaskInfo"},{"type":"null"}]},"result":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/KalaParserReport"},{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Result"},"error":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Error"},"papers":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/PaperResponse"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Papers"},"tallies":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/TallyResponse"},"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Tallies"}},"type":"object","required":["status"],"title":"TaskResponse","example":{"overallTally":{"contradicting":98,"mentioning":49577,"supporting":1027,"total":51417,"unclassified":715},"papers":{"10.1002/hep.26015":{"abstract":"Sphingolipids are important structural components of cell membranes and act as critical regulators of cell function by modulating intracellular signaling pathways. Specific sphingolipids, such as ceramide, glucosylceramide, and ganglioside GM3, have been implicated in various aspects of insulin resistance, because they have been shown to modify several steps in the insulin signaling pathway, such as phosphorylation of either protein kinase B (Akt) or of the insulin receptor. We now explore the role of the ceramide acyl chain length in insulin signaling by using a ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2) null mouse, which is unable to synthesize very long acyl chain (C22-C24) ceramides. CerS2 null mice exhibited glucose intolerance despite normal insulin secretion from the pancreas. Both insulin receptor and Akt phosphorylation were abrogated in liver, but not in adipose tissue or in skeletal muscle. The lack of insulin receptor phosphorylation in liver correlated with its inability to translocate into detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). Moreover, DRMs in CerS2 null mice displayed properties significantly different from those in wild-type mice, suggesting that the altered sphingolipid acyl chain length directly affects insulin receptor translocation and subsequent signaling. Conclusion: We conclude that the sphingolipid acyl chain composition of liver regulates insulin signaling by modifying insulin receptor translocation into membrane microdomains. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;57:525-532)","authors":[{"affiliation":"Weizmann Institute of Science","affiliationID":"11815","affiliationSlug":"weizmann-institute-of-science-b3jp","authorID":"178208965","authorName":"Joo Won Park","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"joo-won-park-8GVygVM","family":"Park","given":"Joo Won"},{"affiliation":"Weizmann Institute of Science","affiliationID":"11815","affiliationSlug":"weizmann-institute-of-science-b3jp","authorID":"13634490","authorName":"Woo Jae Park","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"woo-jae-park-9DXbrG","family":"Park","given":"Woo Jae"},{"affiliation":"Weizmann Institute of Science","affiliationID":"11815","affiliationSlug":"weizmann-institute-of-science-b3jp","authorID":"11463805","authorName":"Yael Kuperman","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"yael-kuperman-AGNLa3","family":"Kuperman","given":"Yael"},{"affiliation":"Weizmann Institute of Science","affiliationID":"11815","affiliationSlug":"weizmann-institute-of-science-b3jp","authorID":"187026","authorName":"Sigalit Boura-Halfon","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"sigalit-boura-halfon-R5099","family":"Boura-Halfon","given":"Sigalit"},{"affiliation":"Weizmann Institute of Science","affiliationID":"11815","affiliationSlug":"weizmann-institute-of-science-b3jp","authorID":"6235045","authorName":"Yael Pewzner-Jung","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"yael-pewzner-jung-PQRaLL","family":"Pewzner-Jung","given":"Yael"},{"affiliation":"Weizmann Institute of Science","affiliationID":"11815","affiliationSlug":"weizmann-institute-of-science-b3jp","authorID":"517393","authorName":"Anthony H. Futerman","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"anthony-h-futerman-ARGJv","family":"Futerman","given":"Anthony H."}],"doi":"10.1002/hep.26015","editorialNotices":[],"id":50524713,"issns":["0270-9139"],"issue":"2","journal":"Hepatology","journalSlug":"5GEpG","keywords":["Steatohepatitis/Metabolic Liver Disease"],"memberId":311,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"525-532","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Wiley","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Hepatology","slug":"ablation-of-very-long-acyl-GA16lb","title":"Ablation of very long acyl chain sphingolipids causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice due to altered detergent-resistant membranes","type":"journal-article","volume":"57","year":2012},"10.1002/ijc.21422":{"abstract":"Monocytes are recruited into tumors from the circulation along defined chemotactic gradients and they then differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Recent evidence has shown that large numbers of TAMs are attracted to and retained in avascular and necrotic areas, where they are exposed to tumor hypoxia. At these sites, TAMs appear to undergo marked phenotypic changes with activation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, dramatically upregulating the expression of a large number of genes encoding mitogenic, proangiogenic and prometastatic cytokines and enzymes. As a consequence, high TAMs density has been correlated with increased tumor growth and angiogenesis in various tumor types. Since hypoxia is a hallmark feature of malignant tumors and hypoxic tumor cells are relatively resistant to radio-and chemotherapy, these areas have become a target for novel forms of anticancer therapy. These include hypoxiatargeted gene therapy in which macrophages are armed with therapeutic genes that are activated by hypoxia-responsive promoter elements. This restricts transgene expression to hypoxic areas, where the gene product is then released and acts on neighboring hypoxic tumor cells or proliferating blood vessels. In this way, the responses of macrophages to tumor hypoxia can be exploited to deliver potent antitumor agents to these poorly vascularized, and thus largely inaccessible, areas of tumors. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Sheffield","affiliationID":"10452","affiliationSlug":"university-of-sheffield-MzKE","authorID":"10326446","authorName":"Craig Murdoch","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"craig-murdoch-9bv0Y9","family":"Murdoch","given":"Craig"},{"affiliation":"University of Sheffield","affiliationID":"10452","affiliationSlug":"university-of-sheffield-MzKE","authorID":"18992566","authorName":"Claire E. Lewis","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"claire-e-lewis-xPQJVw","family":"Lewis","given":"Claire E."}],"doi":"10.1002/ijc.21422","editorialNotices":[],"id":50587440,"issns":["0020-7136","1097-0215"],"issue":"5","journal":"International Journal of Cancer","journalSlug":"ej5Qr","keywords":["macrophage","tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)","angiogenesis","hypoxia","tumor"],"memberId":311,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"701-708","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Wiley","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Int. J. Cancer","slug":"macrophage-migration-and-gene-expression-L6MNGQ","title":"Macrophage migration and gene expression in response to tumor hypoxia","type":"journal-article","volume":"117","year":2005},"10.1006/bmmb.1993.1059":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"City Of Hope National Medical Center","affiliationID":"1813","affiliationSlug":"city-of-hope-national-medical-GbZ","authorID":"38973486","authorName":"D E Comings","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"d-e-comings-434RjY","family":"Comings","given":"D E"},{"authorID":"238996266","authorName":"S.D. Flanagan","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"s-d-flanagan-xXnzrN3","family":"Flanagan","given":"S.D."},{"authorID":"27998969","authorName":"George Dietz","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"george-dietz-56lXdZ","family":"Dietz","given":"George"},{"authorID":"16332857","authorName":"D. Muhleman","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"d-muhleman-GPYkKA","family":"Muhleman","given":"D."},{"authorID":"12811337","authorName":"E. Knell","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"e-knell-jXPVP5","family":"Knell","given":"E."},{"authorID":"9120272","authorName":"Reinhard Gysin","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"reinhard-gysin-wbjbdy","family":"Gysin","given":"Reinhard"}],"doi":"10.1006/bmmb.1993.1059","editorialNotices":[],"id":52091767,"issns":["0885-4505"],"issue":"2","journal":"Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology","journalSlug":"A38Ya","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"176-185","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Biochemical Medicine and Metabolic Biology","slug":"the-dopamine-d2-receptor-drd2-JMkQkY","title":"The Dopamine D2 Receptor (DRD2) as a Major Gene in Obesity and Height","type":"journal-article","volume":"50","year":1993},"10.1007/s00125-005-1735-1":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"8690074","authorName":"Nobuhiro Shojima","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"nobuhiro-shojima-pxjMON","family":"Shojima","given":"Nobuhiro"},{"affiliation":"Tohoku University","affiliationID":"11040","affiliationSlug":"tohoku-university-Lz4E","authorID":"211303337","authorName":"Takehide Ogihara","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"takehide-ogihara-jMm2nmO","family":"Ogihara","given":"Takehide"},{"affiliation":"Saitama Medical University","affiliationID":"18641","affiliationSlug":"saitama-medical-university-XDLA","authorID":"8346999","authorName":"Kouichi Inukai","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"kouichi-inukai-ePApMm","family":"Inukai","given":"Kouichi"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"78480766","authorName":"Midori Fujishiro","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"midori-fujishiro-xY4leM","family":"Fujishiro","given":"Midori"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"12700981","authorName":"Hideyuki Sakoda","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"hideyuki-sakoda-jXVgPJ","family":"Sakoda","given":"Hideyuki"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"6124749","authorName":"Akifumi Kushiyama","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"akifumi-kushiyama-A3wbrQ","family":"Kushiyama","given":"Akifumi"},{"affiliation":"Tohoku University","affiliationID":"11040","affiliationSlug":"tohoku-university-Lz4E","authorID":"80950237","authorName":"Hideki Katagiri","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"hideki-katagiri-jl3d9z","family":"Katagiri","given":"Hideki"},{"authorID":"6063891","authorName":"Motonobu Anai","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"motonobu-anai-1ZyzWM","family":"Anai","given":"Motonobu"},{"authorID":"29192866","authorName":"Hiraku Ono","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"hiraku-ono-xxMAJw","family":"Ono","given":"Hiraku"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"20980323","authorName":"Yasushi Fukushima","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"yasushi-fukushima-JlrVd0","family":"Fukushima","given":"Yasushi"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"6301718","authorName":"Nanao Horike","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"nanao-horike-dvEwXj","family":"Horike","given":"Nanao"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"7408258","authorName":"Amelia Y.I. Viana","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"amelia-y-i-viana-gZzzwK","family":"Viana","given":"Amelia Y.I."},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"5464422","authorName":"Yasunobu Uchijima","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"yasunobu-uchijima-xXYWkb","family":"Uchijima","given":"Yasunobu"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"16077383","authorName":"Hiroki Kurihara","authorSequenceNumber":14,"authorSlug":"hiroki-kurihara-a82d9j","family":"Kurihara","given":"Hiroki"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"15656692","authorName":"Tomoichiro Asano","authorSequenceNumber":15,"authorSlug":"tomoichiro-asano-WnKyEw","family":"Asano","given":"Tomoichiro"}],"doi":"10.1007/s00125-005-1735-1","editorialNotices":[],"id":59412464,"issns":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issue":"5","journal":"Diabetologia","journalSlug":"PQL9g","memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"984-992","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Diabetologia","slug":"serum-concentrations-of-resistin-like-molecules-y5KM3l","title":"Serum concentrations of resistin-like molecules β and γ are elevated in high-fat-fed and obese db/db mice, with increased production in the intestinal tract and bone marrow","type":"journal-article","volume":"48","year":2005},"10.1007/s00125-013-2846-8":{"abstract":"Aims/hypothesis Metabolic disorders are commonly investigated using knockout and transgenic mouse models. A variety of mouse strains have been used for this purpose. However, mouse strains can differ in their inherent propensities to develop metabolic disease, which may affect the experimental outcomes of metabolic studies. We have investigated straindependent differences in the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in five commonly used inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, 129X1/SvJ, BALB/c, DBA/2 and FVB/N). Methods Mice were fed either a low-fat or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Whole-body energy expenditure and body composition were then determined. Tissues were used to measure markers of mitochondrial metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid accumulation. Results BL6, 129X1, DBA/2 and FVB/N mice were all susceptible to varying degrees to HFD-induced obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, but BALB/c mice exhibited some protection from these detrimental effects. This protection could not be explained by differences in mitochondrial metabolism or oxidative stress in liver or muscle, or inflammation in adipose tissue. Interestingly, in contrast with the other strains, BALB/c mice did not accumulate excess lipid (triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols) in the liver; this is potentially related to lower fatty acid uptake rather than differences in lipogenesis or lipid oxidation. Conclusions/interpretation Collectively, our findings indicate that most mouse strains develop metabolic defects on an HFD. However, there are inherent differences between strains, and thus the genetic background needs to be considered carefully in metabolic studies. \nKeywords","authors":[{"affiliation":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research","affiliationID":"18807","affiliationSlug":"garvan-institute-of-medical-research-Y0EG","authorID":"18166098","authorName":"Magdalene K. Montgomery","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"magdalene-k-montgomery-6JAODr","family":"Montgomery","given":"Magdalene K."},{"affiliation":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research","affiliationID":"18807","affiliationSlug":"garvan-institute-of-medical-research-Y0EG","authorID":"97047997","authorName":"Nicole L Hallahan","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"nicole-l-hallahan-vvrjdV","family":"Hallahan","given":"Nicole L"},{"affiliation":"University of Wollongong","affiliationID":"20782","affiliationSlug":"university-of-wollongong-VWYO","authorID":"17560038","authorName":"Simon H. J. Brown","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"simon-h-j-brown-VyPjvM","family":"Brown","given":"Simon H. J."},{"affiliation":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research","affiliationID":"18807","affiliationSlug":"garvan-institute-of-medical-research-Y0EG","authorID":"52122459","authorName":"Menghan Liu","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"menghan-liu-bnvKEW","family":"Liu","given":"Menghan"},{"affiliation":"University of Wollongong","affiliationID":"20782","affiliationSlug":"university-of-wollongong-VWYO","authorID":"18720972","authorName":"Todd W. Mitchell","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"todd-w-mitchell-wVJAyr","family":"Mitchell","given":"Todd W."},{"affiliation":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research","affiliationID":"18807","affiliationSlug":"garvan-institute-of-medical-research-Y0EG","authorID":"8713947","authorName":"Gregory J. Cooney","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"gregory-j-cooney-1gxvRX","family":"Cooney","given":"Gregory J."},{"affiliation":"Garvan Institute of Medical Research","affiliationID":"18807","affiliationSlug":"garvan-institute-of-medical-research-Y0EG","authorID":"66870151","authorName":"Nigel Turner","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"nigel-turner-Yk1yJK","family":"Turner","given":"Nigel"}],"doi":"10.1007/s00125-013-2846-8","editorialNotices":[],"id":59415386,"issns":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issue":"5","journal":"Diabetologia","journalSlug":"PQL9g","memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1129-1139","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Diabetologia","slug":"mouse-strain-dependent-variation-in-obesity-4X12WV","title":"Mouse strain-dependent variation in obesity and glucose homeostasis in response to high-fat feeding","type":"journal-article","volume":"56","year":2013},"10.1007/s11892-008-0032-z":{"abstract":"Ectopic fat is defined by the deposition of triglycerides within cells of non-adipose tissue that normally contain only small amounts of fat. Over the past decade, magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used extensively for noninvasive quantification of intramyocellular, intrahepatocellular, and more recently myocardial and pancreatic lipids. In liver and muscle, triglyceride content usually correlates with whole-body and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. However, fat mass and oxidative capacity influence this relationship, indicating that ectopic lipid content is not the only factor that explains insulin resistance. Ectopic lipids may rather serve as biomarkers of the balance between metabolic supply and demand in different states of insulin sensitivity. Consequently, ectopic lipid concentrations, particularly in the liver, decrease with lifestyle- or drug-induced improvement of insulin sensitivity.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Hanusch Hospital","affiliationID":"197271","affiliationSlug":"hanusch-hospital-NM0w9","authorID":"11468441","authorName":"Angelika Lettner","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"angelika-lettner-X4eL6k","family":"Lettner","given":"Angelika"},{"affiliation":"Hanusch Hospital","affiliationID":"197271","affiliationSlug":"hanusch-hospital-NM0w9","authorID":"144668417","authorName":"Michael Roden","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"michael-roden-Ezr13L","family":"Roden","given":"Michael"}],"doi":"10.1007/s11892-008-0032-z","editorialNotices":[],"id":61188900,"issns":["1534-4827","1539-0829"],"issue":"3","journal":"Current Diabetes Reports","journalSlug":"jMJGJ","memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"185-191","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Curr Diab Rep","slug":"ectopic-fat-and-insulin-resistance-3g5eOO","title":"Ectopic fat and insulin resistance","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","year":2008},"10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017":{"abstract":"Insulin resistance is a complex metabolic disorder that defies a single etiological pathway. Accumulation of ectopic lipid metabolites, activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway and innate immune pathways have all been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. However, these pathways are also closely linked to changes in fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis, and energy expenditure that can impact ectopic lipid deposition. Ultimately, accumulation of specific lipid metabolites (diacylglycerols and/or ceramides) in liver and skeletal muscle, may be a common pathway leading to impaired insulin signaling and insulin resistance.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"10373696","authorName":"Varman T. Samuel","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"varman-t-samuel-M2rnek","family":"Samuel","given":"Varman T."},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"5886223","authorName":"Gerald I. Shulman","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"gerald-i-shulman-J1LvKY","family":"Shulman","given":"Gerald I."}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017","editorialNotices":[],"id":67157549,"issns":["0092-8674"],"issue":"5","journal":"Cell","journalSlug":"pnm4z","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"852-871","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Cell","slug":"mechanisms-for-insulin-resistance-common-Aazynv","title":"Mechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links","type":"journal-article","volume":"148","year":2012},"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.066":{"abstract":"SUMMARY\nBeige fat, which expresses the thermogenic protein UCP1, provides a defense against cold and obesity. Although a cold environment is the physiologic stimulus for inducing beige fat in mice and humans, the events that lead from the sensing of cold to the development of beige fat remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the efferent beige fat thermogenic circuit, consisting of eosinophils, type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4/13 and alternatively activated macrophages. Genetic loss of eosinophils or IL-4/13 signaling impairs cold-induced biogenesis of beige fat. Mechanistically, macrophages recruited to cold-stressed subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) undergo alternative activation to induce tyrosine hydroxylase expression and catecholamine production, factors required for browning of scWAT. Conversely, administration of IL-4 to thermoneutral mice increases beige fat mass and thermogenic capacity to ameliorate pre-established obesity. Together, our findings have uncovered the efferent circuit controlling biogenesis of beige fat and provide support for its targeting to treat obesity.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"32615577","authorName":"Yifu Qiu","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"yifu-qiu-n15v8D","family":"Qiu","given":"Yifu"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"19867627","authorName":"Khoa D. Nguyen","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"khoa-d-nguyen-N802GN","family":"Nguyen","given":"Khoa D."},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"5895306","authorName":"Justin I. Odegaard","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"justin-i-odegaard-zRGZz3","family":"Odegaard","given":"Justin I."},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"81078612","authorName":"Xiaojin Cui","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"xiaojin-cui-02DQmP","family":"Cui","given":"Xiaojin"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"15221801","authorName":"Xiao Yu Tian","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"xiao-yu-tian-Pvz4rQ","family":"Tian","given":"Xiao Yu"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"6048470","authorName":"Richard M. Locksley","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"richard-m-locksley-RVle83","family":"Locksley","given":"Richard M."},{"affiliation":"University of Washington","affiliationID":"11969","affiliationSlug":"university-of-washington-5JeG","authorID":"398890","authorName":"Richard D. Palmiter","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"richard-d-palmiter-9g4O4","family":"Palmiter","given":"Richard D."},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"32477922","authorName":"Ajay Chawla","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"ajay-chawla-xpjLMg","family":"Chawla","given":"Ajay"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.066","editorialNotices":[],"id":67158910,"issns":["0092-8674"],"issue":"6","journal":"Cell","journalSlug":"pnm4z","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1292-1308","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Cell","slug":"eosinophils-and-type-2-cytokine-64K4kr","title":"Eosinophils and Type 2 Cytokine Signaling in Macrophages Orchestrate Development of Functional Beige Fat","type":"journal-article","volume":"157","year":2014},"10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007":{"abstract":"Summary\nClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired infection in the United States. Host susceptibility and the severity of infection are influenced by disruption of the microbiota and the immune response. However, how the microbiota regulates immune responses to mediate CDI outcome remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of the microbiota-linked cytokine IL-25 during infection. Intestinal IL-25 was suppressed during CDI in humans and mice. Restoration of IL-25 reduced CDI-associated mortality and tissue pathology even though equivalent levels of C. difficile bacteria and toxin remained in the gut. IL-25 protection was mediated by gut eosinophils, as demonstrated by an increase in intestinal eosinophils and a loss of IL-25 protection upon eosinophil depletion. These findings support a mechanism whereby the induction of IL-25-mediated eosinophilia can reduce host mortality during active CDI. This work may provide targets for future development of microbial or immune-based therapies.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"9988090","authorName":"Erica L. Buonomo","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"erica-l-buonomo-9b1pNb","family":"Buonomo","given":"Erica L."},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"4017735","authorName":"Carrie A. Cowardin","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"carrie-a-cowardin-K6lp3p","family":"Cowardin","given":"Carrie A."},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"24766195","authorName":"Madeline G. Wilson","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"madeline-g-wilson-Yjv6QD","family":"Wilson","given":"Madeline G."},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"67903236","authorName":"Mahmoud M. Saleh","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"mahmoud-m-saleh-l166PE","family":"Saleh","given":"Mahmoud M."},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"6063859","authorName":"Patcharin Pramoonjago","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"patcharin-pramoonjago-b2rY3k","family":"Pramoonjago","given":"Patcharin"},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"21744467","authorName":"William A. Petri","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"william-a-petri-JlYGXE","family":"Petri","given":"William A."}],"doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007","editorialNotices":[],"id":67169759,"issns":["2211-1247"],"issue":"2","journal":"Cell Reports","journalSlug":"b2DYr","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"432-443","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Cell Reports","slug":"microbiota-regulated-il-25-increases-eosinophil-number-bmapM1","title":"Microbiota-Regulated IL-25 Increases Eosinophil Number to Provide Protection during Clostridium difficile Infection","type":"journal-article","volume":"16","year":2016},"10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.004":{"abstract":"ObjectiveObesity is a metabolic disorder that has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and leads to increased risk for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma, certain cancers, and various other diseases. Obesity and its comorbidities are associated with impaired adipose tissue (AT) function. In the last decade, eosinophils have been identified as regulators of proper AT function. Our study aimed to determine whether normalizing the number of AT eosinophils in obese mice, to those of lean healthy mice, would reduce obesity and/or improve metabolic fitness.MethodsC57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) were simultaneously given recombinant interleukin-5 (rIL5) for 8 weeks to increase AT eosinophils. Metabolic fitness was tested by evaluating weight gain, AT inflammation, glucose, lipid, and mixed-meal tolerance, AT insulin signaling, energy substrate utilization, energy expenditure, and white AT beiging capacity.ResultsEosinophils were increased ∼3-fold in AT of obese HFD-fed mice treated with rIL5, and thus were restored to levels observed in lean healthy mice. However, there were no significant differences in rIL5-treated mice among the above listed comprehensive set of metabolic assays, despite the increased AT eosinophils.ConclusionsWe have shown that restoring obese AT eosinophils to lean healthy levels is not sufficient to allow for improvement in any of a range of metabolic features otherwise impaired in obesity. Thus, the mechanisms that identified eosinophils as positive regulators of AT function, and therefore systemic health, are more complex than initially understood and will require further study to fully elucidate.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Vanderbilt University","affiliationID":"16364","affiliationSlug":"vanderbilt-university-ypnx","authorID":"11125700","authorName":"W. Reid Bolus","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"w-reid-bolus-38VwWO","family":"Bolus","given":"W. Reid"},{"affiliation":"Vanderbilt University","affiliationID":"16364","affiliationSlug":"vanderbilt-university-ypnx","authorID":"56697354","authorName":"Kristin R. Peterson","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"kristin-r-peterson-6jwyP9","family":"Peterson","given":"Kristin R."},{"affiliation":"Vanderbilt University","affiliationID":"16364","affiliationSlug":"vanderbilt-university-ypnx","authorID":"8524948","authorName":"Merla J. Hubler","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"merla-j-hubler-WGdxJO","family":"Hubler","given":"Merla J."},{"affiliation":"Vanderbilt University","affiliationID":"16364","affiliationSlug":"vanderbilt-university-ypnx","authorID":"21870360","authorName":"Arion Kennedy","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"arion-kennedy-Qkw9NX","family":"Kennedy","given":"Arion"},{"affiliation":"Vanderbilt University","affiliationID":"16364","affiliationSlug":"vanderbilt-university-ypnx","authorID":"67455575","authorName":"Marnie L. Gruen","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"marnie-l-gruen-ZkMNv9","family":"Gruen","given":"Marnie L."},{"affiliation":"Vanderbilt University","affiliationID":"16364","affiliationSlug":"vanderbilt-university-ypnx","authorID":"3944334","authorName":"Alyssa H. Hasty","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"alyssa-h-hasty-OVjb2k","family":"Hasty","given":"Alyssa H."}],"doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.004","editorialNotices":[],"id":242253400,"issns":["2212-8778"],"journal":"Molecular Metabolism","journalSlug":"lZrJ3","keywords":["Original Article"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"86-95","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Molecular Metabolism","slug":"elevating-adipose-eosinophils-in-obese-3ndxRPK","title":"Elevating adipose eosinophils in obese mice to physiologically normal levels does not rescue metabolic impairments","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","year":2018},"10.1038/ijo.2008.229":{"abstract":"Recent studies consistently support a hypoxia response in the adipose tissue in obese animals. The observations have led to the formation of an exciting concept, adipose tissue hypoxia (ATH), in the understanding of major disorders associated with obesity. ATH may provide cellular mechanisms for chronic inflammation, macrophage infiltration, adiponectin reduction, leptin elevation, adipocyte death, endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in white adipose tissue in obesity. The concept suggests that inhibition of adipogenesis and triglyceride synthesis by hypoxia may be a new mechanism for elevated free fatty acids in the circulation in obesity. ATH may represent a unified cellular mechanism for a variety of metabolic disorders and insulin resistance in patients with metabolic syndrome. It suggests a new mechanism of pathogenesis of insulin resistance and inflammation in obstructive sleep apnea. In addition, it may help us to understand the beneficial effects of caloric restriction, physical exercise and angiotensin II inhibitors in the improvement of insulin sensitivity. In this review article, literatures are reviewed to summarize the evidence and possible cellular mechanisms of ATH. The directions and road blocks in the future studies are analyzed.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Pennington Biomedical Research Center","affiliationID":"16649","affiliationSlug":"pennington-biomedical-research-center-A5ra","authorID":"14162755","authorName":"Jianping Ye","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"jianping-ye-e6J2MO","family":"Ye","given":"Jianping"}],"doi":"10.1038/ijo.2008.229","editorialNotices":[],"id":81259318,"issns":["0307-0565","1476-5497"],"issue":"1","journal":"International Journal of Obesity","journalSlug":"QePv9","keywords":["adipose tissue","insulin resistance","hypoxia","inflammation","angiogenesis"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"54-66","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Int J Obes","slug":"emerging-role-of-adipose-tissue-dlEPxb","title":"Emerging role of adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and insulin resistance","type":"journal-article","volume":"33","year":2008},"10.1038/mi.2014.123":{"abstract":"Eosinophils are multifunctional leukocytes that reside in the gastrointestinal (GI) lamina propria, where their basal function remains largely unexplored. In this study, by examining mice with a selective deficiency of systemic eosinophils (by lineage ablation) or GI eosinophils (eotaxin-1/2 double–deficient or CC chemokine receptor 3–deficient), we show that eosinophils support immunoglobulin A (IgA) class switching, maintain intestinal mucus secretions, affect intestinal microbial composition, and promote the development of Peyer’s patches. Eosinophil-deficient mice showed reduced expression of mediators of secretory IgA production, including intestinal interleukin 1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase, lymphotoxin (LT) α, and LT-β, and reduced levels of retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t–positive (ROR-γt+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) while maintaining normal levels of APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand), BAFF (B cell–activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family), and TGF-β (transforming growth factor β). GI eosinophils expressed a relatively high level of IL-1β, and IL-1β–deficient mice manifested the altered gene expression profiles observed in eosinophil-deficient mice and decreased levels of IgA+ cells and ROR-γt+ ILCs. On the basis of these collective data, we propose that eosinophils are required for homeostatic intestinal immune responses including IgA production and that their affect is mediated via IL-1β in the small intestine.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"139679076","authorName":"Yun-Jae Jung","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"yun-jae-jung-2PO1JE","family":"Jung","given":"Yun-Jae"},{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"17384861","authorName":"Ting Wen","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"ting-wen-EOXp5P","family":"Wen","given":"Ting"},{"affiliation":"University of Cincinnati","affiliationID":"19659","affiliationSlug":"university-of-cincinnati-bQ3Z","authorID":"411647800","authorName":"M K Mingler","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"m-k-mingler-38LOGQO","family":"Mingler","given":"M K"},{"affiliation":"University of Cincinnati","affiliationID":"19659","affiliationSlug":"university-of-cincinnati-bQ3Z","authorID":"346531809","authorName":"J M Caldwell","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"j-m-caldwell-vydAJ14","family":"Caldwell","given":"J M"},{"affiliation":"University of Cincinnati","affiliationID":"19659","affiliationSlug":"university-of-cincinnati-bQ3Z","authorID":"48788791","authorName":"Y H Wang","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"y-h-wang-1vR92W","family":"Wang","given":"Y H"},{"affiliation":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","affiliationID":"26599","affiliationSlug":"university-of-alabama-at-birmingham-eNxm","authorID":"69032083","authorName":"David D. Chaplin","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"david-d-chaplin-a66kyx","family":"Chaplin","given":"David D."},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"176464118","authorName":"E H Lee","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"e-h-lee-dvKK5a9","family":"Lee","given":"E H"},{"affiliation":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","affiliationID":"12801","affiliationSlug":"pohang-university-of-science-and-Pl3k","authorID":"27638113","authorName":"Myoung Ho Jang","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"myoung-ho-jang-G2ygMb","family":"Jang","given":"Myoung Ho"},{"affiliation":"Ewha Womans University","affiliationID":"20765","affiliationSlug":"ewha-womans-university-8Wb3","authorID":"20013547","authorName":"So Youn Woo","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"so-youn-woo-15xObj","family":"Woo","given":"So Youn"},{"affiliation":"Ewha Womans University","affiliationID":"20765","affiliationSlug":"ewha-womans-university-8Wb3","authorID":"7285494","authorName":"Ju Young Seoh","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"ju-young-seoh-zR4kwE","family":"Seoh","given":"Ju Young"},{"affiliation":"Osaka University","affiliationID":"2722","affiliationSlug":"osaka-university-xX9D","authorID":"20136199","authorName":"Masayuki Miyasaka","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"masayuki-miyasaka-enkk90","family":"Miyasaka","given":"Masayuki"},{"affiliation":"University of Cincinnati","affiliationID":"19659","affiliationSlug":"university-of-cincinnati-bQ3Z","authorID":"11358116","authorName":"Marc E. Rothenberg","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"marc-e-rothenberg-QmeOgJ","family":"Rothenberg","given":"Marc E."}],"doi":"10.1038/mi.2014.123","editorialNotices":[],"id":81304296,"issns":["1933-0219","1935-3456"],"issue":"4","journal":"Mucosal Immunology","journalSlug":"OV5EQ","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"930-942","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Mucosal Immunol","slug":"il-1-in-eosinophil-mediated-small-intestinal-Mv4WYd","title":"IL-1β in eosinophil-mediated small intestinal homeostasis and IgA production","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","year":2015},"10.1038/nature05483":{"abstract":"Adipocytes have been studied with increasing intensity as a result of the emergence of obesity as a serious public health problem and the realization that adipose tissue serves as an integrator of various physiological pathways. In particular, their role in calorie storage makes adipocytes well suited to the regulation of energy balance. Adipose tissue also serves as a crucial integrator of glucose homeostasis. Knowledge of adipocyte biology is therefore crucial for understanding the pathophysiological basis of obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the rational manipulation of adipose physiology is a promising avenue for therapy of these conditions.","authors":[{"authorID":"23569687","authorName":"Evan D. Rosen","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"evan-d-rosen-mALkWz","family":"Rosen","given":"Evan D."},{"affiliation":"Harvard University","affiliationID":"14927","affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","authorID":"376984","authorName":"Bruce M. Spiegelman","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"bruce-m-spiegelman-LAYWm","family":"Spiegelman","given":"Bruce M."}],"doi":"10.1038/nature05483","editorialNotices":[],"id":81323364,"issns":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"issue":"7121","journal":"Nature","journalSlug":"wmGvz","keywords":[],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"847-853","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Nature","slug":"adipocytes-as-regulators-of-energy-ymzOyl","title":"Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis","type":"journal-article","volume":"444","year":2006},"10.1038/nbt.1621":{"abstract":"High-throughput mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) holds the promise of simultaneous transcript discovery and abundance estimation1-3. We introduce an algorithm for transcript assembly coupled with a statistical model for RNA-Seq experiments that produces estimates of abundances. Our algorithms are implemented in an open source software program called Cufflinks. To test Cufflinks, we sequenced and analyzed more than 430 million paired 75bp RNA-Seq reads from a mouse myoblast cell line representing a differentiation time series. We detected 13,692 known transcripts and 3,724 previously unannotated ones, 62% of which are supported by independent expression data or by homologous genes in other species. Analysis of transcript expression over the time series revealed complete switches in the dominant transcription start site (TSS) or splice-isoform in 330 genes, along with more subtle shifts in a further 1,304 genes. These dynamics suggest substantial regulatory flexibility and complexity in this well-studied model of muscle development.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Maryland, College Park","affiliationID":"2613","affiliationSlug":"university-of-maryland-college-park-G3YK","authorID":"8885272","authorName":"Cole Trapnell","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"cole-trapnell-wb9XKL","family":"Trapnell","given":"Cole"},{"affiliation":"California Institute of Technology","affiliationID":"9687","affiliationSlug":"california-institute-of-technology-mb8j","authorID":"81257310","authorName":"Brian A. Williams","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"brian-a-williams-623WzM","family":"Williams","given":"Brian A."},{"affiliation":"University of Maryland, College Park","affiliationID":"2613","affiliationSlug":"university-of-maryland-college-park-G3YK","authorID":"11546170","authorName":"Geo Pertea","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"geo-pertea-RjjyJN","family":"Pertea","given":"Geo"},{"affiliation":"California Institute of Technology","affiliationID":"9687","affiliationSlug":"california-institute-of-technology-mb8j","authorID":"22304516","authorName":"Ali Mortazavi","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"ali-mortazavi-Qk5wxw","family":"Mortazavi","given":"Ali"},{"affiliation":"California Institute of Technology","affiliationID":"9687","affiliationSlug":"california-institute-of-technology-mb8j","authorID":"19605467","authorName":"Gordon Kwan","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"gordon-kwan-JlZ3pY","family":"Kwan","given":"Gordon"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"33888465","authorName":"Marijke J. van Baren","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"marijke-j-van-baren-8OG15a","family":"Baren","given":"Marijke J. van"},{"affiliation":"University of Maryland, College Park","affiliationID":"2613","affiliationSlug":"university-of-maryland-college-park-G3YK","authorID":"483606902","authorName":"Steven L. Salzberg","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"steven-l-salzberg-9bPOnP9","family":"Salzberg","given":"Steven L."},{"affiliation":"California Institute of Technology","affiliationID":"9687","affiliationSlug":"california-institute-of-technology-mb8j","authorID":"13876604","authorName":"Barbara J. Wold","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"barbara-j-wold-WxmjWJ","family":"Wold","given":"Barbara J."},{"affiliation":"University of California, Berkeley","affiliationID":"19129","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-berkeley-rDm3","authorID":"8878157","authorName":"Lior Pachter","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"lior-pachter-G5yZdA","family":"Pachter","given":"Lior"}],"doi":"10.1038/nbt.1621","editorialNotices":[],"id":81334047,"issns":["1087-0156","1546-1696"],"issue":"5","journal":"Nature Biotechnology","journalSlug":"QePXQ","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"511-515","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Nat Biotechnol","slug":"transcript-assembly-and-quantification-by-14aEdn","title":"Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation","type":"journal-article","volume":"28","year":2010},"10.1038/ncb942":{"abstract":"Pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and other cells. Balanced cytodifferentiation of stem cells is essential for the formation and maintenance of bone marrow; however, the mechanisms that control this balance remain largely unknown. Whereas cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumour-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibit adipogenesis, the ligand-induced transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), is a key inducer of adipogenesis. Therefore, regulatory coupling between cytokine- and PPAR-gamma-mediated signals might occur during adipogenesis. Here we show that the ligand-induced transactivation function of PPAR-gamma is suppressed by IL-1 and TNF-alpha, and that this suppression is mediated through NF-kappaB activated by the TAK1/TAB1/NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) cascade, a downstream cascade associated with IL-1 and TNF-alpha signalling. Unlike suppression of the PPAR-gamma transactivation function by mitogen-activated protein kinase-induced growth factor signalling through phosphorylation of the A/B domain, NF-kappaB blocks PPAR-gamma binding to DNA by forming a complex with PPAR-gamma and its AF-1-specific co-activator PGC-2. Our results suggest that expression of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in bone marrow may alter the fate of pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells, directing cellular differentiation towards osteoblasts rather than adipocytes by suppressing PPAR-gamma function through NF-kappaB activated by the TAK1/TAB1/NIK cascade.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"385146832","authorName":"Miyuki Suzawa","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"miyuki-suzawa-2WX942D","family":"Suzawa","given":"Miyuki"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"10649873","authorName":"Ichiro Takada","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"ichiro-takada-rxwyEA","family":"Takada","given":"Ichiro"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"140018780","authorName":"Junn Yanagisawa","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"junn-yanagisawa-lxgANM","family":"Yanagisawa","given":"Junn"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"7433361","authorName":"Fumiaki Ohtake","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"fumiaki-ohtake-EWvNmW","family":"Ohtake","given":"Fumiaki"},{"affiliation":"National Institute for Basic Biology","affiliationID":"7342","affiliationSlug":"national-institute-for-basic-biology-4ZMN","authorID":"28753366","authorName":"Satoko Ogawa","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"satoko-ogawa-xxjk4g","family":"Ogawa","given":"Satoko"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"8070377","authorName":"Toshimasa Yamauchi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"toshimasa-yamauchi-ng0ZPN","family":"Yamauchi","given":"Toshimasa"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"205520820","authorName":"Toshimasa Yamauchi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"toshimasa-yamauchi-y8waOn6","family":"Yamauchi","given":"Toshimasa"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"261239592","authorName":"Takashi Kadowaki","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"takashi-kadowaki-W8Lmzyg","family":"Kadowaki","given":"Takashi"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"81359524","authorName":"Yasuhiro Takeuchi","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"yasuhiro-takeuchi-klWy5y","family":"Takeuchi","given":"Yasuhiro"},{"affiliation":"National Institute for Basic Biology","affiliationID":"7342","affiliationSlug":"national-institute-for-basic-biology-4ZMN","authorID":"76280891","authorName":"Hiroshi Shibuya","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"hiroshi-shibuya-1Qj4Jy","family":"Shibuya","given":"Hiroshi"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"27430905","authorName":"Yukiko Gotoh","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"yukiko-gotoh-ADKWQe","family":"Gotoh","given":"Yukiko"},{"affiliation":"Nagoya University","affiliationID":"8173","affiliationSlug":"nagoya-university-rLD3","authorID":"19915519","authorName":"Kunihiro Matsumoto","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"kunihiro-matsumoto-DR9k0e","family":"Matsumoto","given":"Kunihiro"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"144333332","authorName":"Shigeaki Kato","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"shigeaki-kato-25kG4L","family":"Kato","given":"Shigeaki"}],"doi":"10.1038/ncb942","editorialNotices":[{"date":"2014-10-31","doi":"10.1038/ncb942","noticeDoi":"10.1038/ncb3068","status":"Has correction"},{"date":"2014-10-31","doi":"10.1038/ncb942","noticeDoi":"10.1038/ncb3068","status":"Retracted"}],"id":81351309,"issns":["1465-7392","1476-4679"],"issue":"3","journal":"Nature Cell Biology","journalSlug":"r6W4d","memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"224-230","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Nat Cell Biol","slug":"cytokines-suppress-adipogenesis-and-ppar-vNbgV3","title":"Cytokines suppress adipogenesis and PPAR-γ function through the TAK1/TAB1/NIK cascade","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","year":2003},"10.1038/nm.1964":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"18891380","authorName":"Satoshi Nishimura","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"satoshi-nishimura-l6ZN43","family":"Nishimura","given":"Satoshi"},{"authorID":"6401907","authorName":"Ichiro Manabe","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"ichiro-manabe-YZEjM3","family":"Manabe","given":"Ichiro"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"9353705","authorName":"Mika Nagasaki","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"mika-nagasaki-AN2nlZ","family":"Nagasaki","given":"Mika"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"9615874","authorName":"Koji Eto","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"koji-eto-pxWeez","family":"Eto","given":"Koji"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"23923457","authorName":"Hiroshi Yamashita","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"hiroshi-yamashita-Gayxab","family":"Yamashita","given":"Hiroshi"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"14720946","authorName":"Mitsuru Ohsugi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"mitsuru-ohsugi-9DV5G9","family":"Ohsugi","given":"Mitsuru"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"7024481","authorName":"Makoto Otsu","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"makoto-otsu-jMAG0d","family":"Otsu","given":"Makoto"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"178577914","authorName":"Hara Kazuo","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"hara-kazuo-gZXDjDz","family":"Kazuo","given":"Hara"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"7998801","authorName":"Kohjiro Ueki","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"kohjiro-ueki-PzVp3k","family":"Ueki","given":"Kohjiro"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"17300362","authorName":"Seiryo Sugiura","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"seiryo-sugiura-dOrO93","family":"Sugiura","given":"Seiryo"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"21167864","authorName":"Kotaro Yoshimura","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"kotaro-yoshimura-y9rmDa","family":"Yoshimura","given":"Kotaro"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"19649000","authorName":"Takashi Kadowaki","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"takashi-kadowaki-3NvpyZ","family":"Kadowaki","given":"Takashi"},{"affiliation":"University of Tokyo","affiliationID":"11716","affiliationSlug":"university-of-tokyo-QYyz","authorID":"27486996","authorName":"Ryozo Nagai","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"ryozo-nagai-MyRJkW","family":"Nagai","given":"Ryozo"}],"doi":"10.1038/nm.1964","editorialNotices":[],"id":81413230,"issns":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issue":"8","journal":"Nature Medicine","journalSlug":"PQ3Xm","memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"914-920","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Nat Med","slug":"cd8-effector-t-cells-contribute-ppmP2N","title":"CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity","type":"journal-article","volume":"15","year":2009},"10.1038/nm.2353":{"abstract":"Chronic inflammation characterized by T cell and macrophage infiltration of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a hallmark of obesity associated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Here we demonstrate a fundamental pathogenic role for B cells in the development of these metabolic abnormalities. B cells accumulate in VAT in diet induced obese (DIO) mice, and DIO mice lacking B cells are protected from disease despite weight gain. B cell effects on glucose metabolism are mechanistically linked to activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages and T cells, and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies. Treatment with a B cell-depleting CD20 antibody attenuates disease, while transfer of DIO-IgG rapidly induces insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Moreover, insulin resistance in obese humans is associated with a unique profile of IgG autoantibodies. These results establish the importance of B cells and adaptive immunity in insulin resistance and suggest new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities to manage the disease.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"193185945","authorName":"Daniel A. Winer","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"daniel-a-winer-PQxdEVR","family":"Winer","given":"Daniel A."},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationID":"12922","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorID":"8957022","authorName":"Shawn Winer","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"shawn-winer-xQ9W0A","family":"Winer","given":"Shawn"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"21345297","authorName":"Lei Shen","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"lei-shen-vZ1vA3","family":"Shen","given":"Lei"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"41498331","authorName":"Persis P. Wadia","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"persis-p-wadia-Z9ynyP","family":"Wadia","given":"Persis P."},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationID":"12922","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorID":"95448406","authorName":"Jason Yantha","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"jason-yantha-zGvNl5","family":"Yantha","given":"Jason"},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationID":"12922","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorID":"5914355","authorName":"Geoffrey Paltser","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"geoffrey-paltser-ejwg4K","family":"Paltser","given":"Geoffrey"},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationID":"12922","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorID":"20465397","authorName":"Hubert Tsui","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"hubert-tsui-vZAwmO","family":"Tsui","given":"Hubert"},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationID":"12922","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorID":"34213183","authorName":"Ping Wu","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"ping-wu-aPYG81","family":"Wu","given":"Ping"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"80922272","authorName":"Matthew G. Davidson","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"matthew-g-davidson-wN6xWe","family":"Davidson","given":"Matthew G."},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"14095121","authorName":"Michael N. Alonso","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"michael-n-alonso-8VMlE9","family":"Alonso","given":"Michael N."},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"13809772","authorName":"Hwei X Leong","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"hwei-x-leong-wZW31z","family":"Leong","given":"Hwei X"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"29260441","authorName":"Alec J. Glassford","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"alec-j-glassford-XG8y5x","family":"Glassford","given":"Alec J."},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"1250253","authorName":"Maria Caimol","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"maria-caimol-vROz2","family":"Caimol","given":"Maria"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"9862557","authorName":"Justin A. Kenkel","authorSequenceNumber":14,"authorSlug":"justin-a-kenkel-G5wNA3","family":"Kenkel","given":"Justin A."},{"affiliation":"Duke University","affiliationID":"6797","affiliationSlug":"duke-university-vxKN","authorID":"52059623","authorName":"Thomas F. Tedder","authorSequenceNumber":15,"authorSlug":"thomas-f-tedder-JMk3MG","family":"Tedder","given":"Thomas F."},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"18132862","authorName":"Tracey McLaughlin","authorSequenceNumber":16,"authorSlug":"tracey-mclaughlin-dOaj9R","family":"McLaughlin","given":"Tracey"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"7927765","authorName":"David B. Miklos","authorSequenceNumber":17,"authorSlug":"david-b-miklos-8gmgj2","family":"Miklos","given":"David B."},{"affiliation":"University of Toronto","affiliationID":"12922","affiliationSlug":"university-of-toronto-xWjA","authorID":"45908801","authorName":"H.-M. Dosch","authorSequenceNumber":18,"authorSlug":"h-m-dosch-PAjkgm","family":"Dosch","given":"H.-M."},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"6347955","authorName":"Edgar G. Engleman","authorSequenceNumber":19,"authorSlug":"edgar-g-engleman-ejQR0r","family":"Engleman","given":"Edgar G."}],"doi":"10.1038/nm.2353","editorialNotices":[],"id":81413498,"issns":["1078-8956","1546-170X"],"issue":"5","journal":"Nature Medicine","journalSlug":"PQ3Xm","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"610-617","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Nat Med","slug":"b-cells-promote-insulin-resistance-62GY16","title":"B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","year":2011},"10.1038/nri2921":{"abstract":"The worldwide epidemic of obesity has brought cons iderable attention to research aimed at understanding the biology of adipocytes (fat cells) and the events occurring in adipose tissue (fat) and in the bodies of obese individuals. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity causes chronic low-grade inflammation and that this contributes to systemic metabolic dysfunction that is associated with obesity-linked disorders. Adipose tissue functions as a key endocrine organ by releasing multiple bioactive substances, known as adipose-derived secreted factors or adipokines, that have pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activities. Dysregulated production or secretion of these adipokines owing to adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity-linked complications. In this Review, we focus on the role of adipokines in inflammatory responses and discuss their potential as regulators of metabolic function.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Nagoya University","affiliationID":"8173","affiliationSlug":"nagoya-university-rLD3","authorID":"25408956","authorName":"Noriyuki Ouchi","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"noriyuki-ouchi-04WLbL","family":"Ouchi","given":"Noriyuki"},{"affiliation":"Boston University","affiliationID":"7891","affiliationSlug":"boston-university-11nj","authorID":"67379244","authorName":"Jennifer L. Parker","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"jennifer-l-parker-3aVQ5d","family":"Parker","given":"Jennifer L."},{"affiliation":"Boston University","affiliationID":"7891","affiliationSlug":"boston-university-11nj","authorID":"10069091","authorName":"Jesse J. Lugus","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"jesse-j-lugus-1gazl0","family":"Lugus","given":"Jesse J."},{"affiliation":"Boston University","affiliationID":"7891","affiliationSlug":"boston-university-11nj","authorID":"141932666","authorName":"Kenneth Walsh","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"kenneth-walsh-xODp3b","family":"Walsh","given":"Kenneth"}],"doi":"10.1038/nri2921","editorialNotices":[],"id":81483874,"issns":["1474-1733","1474-1741"],"issue":"2","journal":"Nature Reviews Immunology","journalSlug":"lZ5yr","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"85-97","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Nat Rev Immunol","slug":"adipokines-in-inflammation-and-metabolic-ppPW3w","title":"Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease","type":"journal-article","volume":"11","year":2011},"10.1038/oby.2009.192":{"abstract":"Inflammation and insulin resistance associated with visceral obesity are important risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and the metabolic syndrome. The 12/15‐lipoxygenase (12/15‐LO) enzyme has been linked to inflammatory changes in blood vessels that precede the development of atherosclerosis. The expression and role of 12/15‐LO in adipocytes have not been evaluated. We found that 12/15‐LO mRNA was dramatically upregulated in white epididymal adipocytes of high‐fat fed mice. 12/15‐LO was poorly expressed in 3T3‐L1 fibroblasts and was upregulated during differentiation into adipocytes. Interestingly, the saturated fatty acid palmitate, a major component of high fat diets, augmented expression of 12/15‐LO in vitro. When 3T3‐L1 adipocytes were treated with the 12/15‐LO products, 12‐hydroxyeicosatetranoic acid (12(S)‐HETE) and 12‐hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)‐HPETE), expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes, including tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), interleukin 6 (IL‐6), and IL‐12p40, was upregulated whereas anti‐inflammatory adiponectin gene expression was downregulated. 12/15‐LO products also augmented c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1 (JNK‐1) phosphorylation, a known negative regulator of insulin signaling. Consistent with impaired insulin signaling, we found that insulin‐stimulated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes exhibited decreased IRS‐1(Tyr) phosphorylation, increased IRS‐1(Ser) phosphorylation, and impaired Akt phosphorylation when treated with 12/15‐LO product. Taken together, our data suggest that 12/15‐LO products create a proinflammatory state and impair insulin signaling in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Because 12/15‐LO expression is upregulated in visceral adipocytes by high‐fat feeding in vivo and also by addition of palmitic acid in vitro, we propose that 12/15‐LO plays a role in promoting inflammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Eastern Virginia Medical School","affiliationID":"382","affiliationSlug":"eastern-virginia-medical-school-VLP","authorID":"63079324","authorName":"Swarup K. Chakrabarti","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"swarup-k-chakrabarti-kEaKjX","family":"Chakrabarti","given":"Swarup K."},{"affiliation":"Eastern Virginia Medical School","affiliationID":"382","affiliationSlug":"eastern-virginia-medical-school-VLP","authorID":"12170150","authorName":"Banumathi K. Cole","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"banumathi-k-cole-zL3839","family":"Cole","given":"Banumathi K."},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"54942341","authorName":"Yeshao Wen","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"yeshao-wen-XOmWlw","family":"Wen","given":"Yeshao"},{"affiliation":"University of Virginia","affiliationID":"26257","affiliationSlug":"university-of-virginia-GAeJ","authorID":"19537263","authorName":"Susanna R. Keller","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"susanna-r-keller-DROWMN","family":"Keller","given":"Susanna R."},{"affiliation":"Eastern Virginia Medical School","affiliationID":"382","affiliationSlug":"eastern-virginia-medical-school-VLP","authorID":"16259863","authorName":"Jerry L. Nadler","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"jerry-l-nadler-DmQA4W","family":"Nadler","given":"Jerry L."}],"doi":"10.1038/oby.2009.192","editorialNotices":[],"id":81510862,"issns":["1930-7381"],"issue":"9","journal":"Obesity","journalSlug":"V01EE","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":311,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1657-1663","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Wiley","retracted":false,"slug":"12-15-lipoxygenase-products-induce-inflammation-and-dl8jmy","title":"12/15-Lipoxygenase Products Induce Inflammation and Impair Insulin Signaling in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes","type":"journal-article","volume":"17","year":2009},"10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4":{"abstract":"Eosinophils and their associated cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 are emerging as central orchestrators of the immune-metabolic axis. Herein, we demonstrate that cross-talk between the Ig-superfamily receptor CD300f and IL-5 is a key checkpoint that modifies the ability of eosinophils to regulate metabolic outcomes. Generation of Il5\nTg\n/Cd300f\n−/− mice revealed marked and distinct increases in eosinophil levels and their production of IL-4 in the white and brown adipose tissues. Consequently, Il5\nTg\n/Cd300f\n−/− mice had increased alternatively activated macrophage accumulation in the adipose tissue. Cd300f\n−/− mice displayed age-related accumulation of eosinophils and macrophages in the adipose tissue and decreased adipose tissue weight, which was associated with decreased diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance. Notably, Il5\nTg\n/CD300f\n−/− were protected from diet-induced weight gain and glucose intolerance. These findings highlight the cross-talk between IL-5 receptor and CD300f as a novel pathway regulating adipose tissue eosinophils and offer new entry points for therapeutic intervention for obesity and its complications.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"11006029","authorName":"Perri Rozenberg","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"perri-rozenberg-rx4Y46","family":"Rozenberg","given":"Perri"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"28124321","authorName":"Hadar Reichman","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"hadar-reichman-86K6Gm","family":"Reichman","given":"Hadar"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"131934550","authorName":"Israel Zab-Bar","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"israel-zab-bar-zypaVK","family":"Zab-Bar","given":"Israel"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"5216739","authorName":"Michal Itan","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"michal-itan-aXkmEv","family":"Itan","given":"Michal"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"14034264","authorName":"Metsada Pasmanik-Chor","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"metsada-pasmanik-chor-yg6YJG","family":"Pasmanik-Chor","given":"Metsada"},{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"297869","authorName":"Carine Bouffi","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"carine-bouffi-5M2WA","family":"Bouffi","given":"Carine"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"1662244","authorName":"Udi Qimron","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"udi-qimron-3Gkwy","family":"Qimron","given":"Udi"},{"authorID":"7517075","authorName":"Ido Bachelet","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"ido-bachelet-ZxQm0r","family":"Bachelet","given":"Ido"},{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"7740496","authorName":"Patricia C. Fulkerson","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"patricia-c-fulkerson-M22g0m","family":"Fulkerson","given":"Patricia C."},{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"11358116","authorName":"Marc E. Rothenberg","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"marc-e-rothenberg-QmeOgJ","family":"Rothenberg","given":"Marc E."},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"121132203","authorName":"Ariel Munitz","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"ariel-munitz-19xRJy","family":"Munitz","given":"Ariel"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4","editorialNotices":[],"id":233718020,"issns":["2045-2322"],"issue":"1","journal":"Scientific Reports","journalSlug":"n6W5k","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Sci Rep","slug":"cd300f-il-5-cross-talk-inhibits-adipose-tissue-y8Q5z9p","title":"CD300f:IL-5 cross-talk inhibits adipose tissue eosinophil homing and subsequent IL-4 production","type":"journal-article","volume":"7","year":2017},"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4":{"abstract":"Accumulating data have indicated a fundamental role of eosinophils in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis. Here, we performed whole-genome RNA sequencing of the small intestinal tract, which suggested the presence of impaired lipid metabolism in eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA mice. ΔdblGATA mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed reduced body fat mass, impaired enlargement of adipocytes, decreased expression of adipogenic genes, and developed glucose intolerance. HFD induced accumulation of eosinophils in the perigonadal white adipose tissue. Concordantly, adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells promoted the migration of eosinophils through the expression of CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and likely promoted their survival through the expression of interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice showed increased infiltration of macrophages, CD4+ T-cells, and B-cells, increased expression of interferon-γ, and decreased expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in white adipose tissue. Interferon-γ treatment significantly decreased lipid deposition in adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, while IL-4 treatment promoted lipid accumulation. Notably, HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice showed increased lipid storage in the liver as compared with wild-type mice. We propose that obesity promotes the infiltration of eosinophils into adipose tissue that subsequently contribute to the metabolic homeostasis by promoting adipocyte maturation.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"152962979","authorName":"Eun-Hui Lee","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"eun-hui-lee-KQMmMe","family":"Lee","given":"Eun-Hui"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"5216739","authorName":"Michal Itan","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"michal-itan-aXkmEv","family":"Itan","given":"Michal"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"152979076","authorName":"Jinsun Jang","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"jinsun-jang-2Zd5bY","family":"Jang","given":"Jinsun"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"152933925","authorName":"Hyeon-Jung Gu","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"hyeon-jung-gu-5O8x8G","family":"Gu","given":"Hyeon-Jung"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"11006029","authorName":"Perri Rozenberg","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"perri-rozenberg-rx4Y46","family":"Rozenberg","given":"Perri"},{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"4965324","authorName":"Melissa K. Mingler","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"melissa-k-mingler-kenLwL","family":"Mingler","given":"Melissa K."},{"affiliation":"Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center","affiliationID":"16374","affiliationSlug":"cincinnati-children-s-hospital-medical-center-pADQ","authorID":"17384861","authorName":"Ting Wen","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"ting-wen-EOXp5P","family":"Wen","given":"Ting"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"38694820","authorName":"Jiyoung Yoon","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"jiyoung-yoon-ywPwN6","family":"Yoon","given":"Jiyoung"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"52112172","authorName":"Shi-Young Park","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"shi-young-park-wXpAje","family":"Park","given":"Shi-Young"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"12711292","authorName":"Joo Young Roh","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"joo-young-roh-WxV0zQ","family":"Roh","given":"Joo Young"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"8946745","authorName":"Cheol Soo Choi","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"cheol-soo-choi-PzKQ1V","family":"Choi","given":"Cheol Soo"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"152936204","authorName":"Woo-Jae Park","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"woo-jae-park-Wwy42O","family":"Park","given":"Woo-Jae"},{"affiliation":"Tel Aviv University","affiliationID":"12679","affiliationSlug":"tel-aviv-university-KPbp","authorID":"121132203","authorName":"Ariel Munitz","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"ariel-munitz-19xRJy","family":"Munitz","given":"Ariel"},{"affiliation":"Gachon University","affiliationID":"9120","affiliationSlug":"gachon-university-yJdl","authorID":"139679076","authorName":"Yun-Jae Jung","authorSequenceNumber":14,"authorSlug":"yun-jae-jung-2PO1JE","family":"Jung","given":"Yun-Jae"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","editorialNotices":[],"id":223144610,"issns":["2045-2322"],"issue":"1","journal":"Scientific Reports","journalSlug":"n6W5k","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Sci Rep","slug":"eosinophils-support-adipocyte-maturation-and-68jbdR1","title":"Eosinophils support adipocyte maturation and promote glucose tolerance in obesity","type":"journal-article","volume":"8","year":2018},"10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.010":{"abstract":"BACKGROUND & AIMS\nAn increased number of macrophages in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction in obese people. However, little is known about other immune cells in adipose tissue from obese people, and whether they contribute to insulin resistance. We investigated the characteristics of T cells in adipose tissue from metabolically abnormal insulin-resistant obese (MAO) subjects, metabolically normal insulin-sensitive obese (MNO) subjects, and lean subjects. Insulin sensitivity was determined by using the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe assessed plasma cytokine concentrations and subcutaneous adipose tissue CD4+ T-cell populations in 9 lean, 12 MNO, and 13 MAO subjects. Skeletal muscle and liver samples were collected from 19 additional obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery to determine the presence of selected cytokine receptors.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAdipose tissue from MAO subjects had 3- to 10-fold increases in numbers of CD4+ T cells that produce interleukin (IL)-22 and IL-17 (a T-helper [Th] 17 and Th22 phenotype) compared with MNO and lean subjects. MAO subjects also had increased plasma concentrations of IL-22 and IL-6. Receptors for IL-17 and IL-22 were expressed in human liver and skeletal muscle samples. IL-17 and IL-22 inhibited uptake of glucose in skeletal muscle isolated from rats and reduced insulin sensitivity in cultured human hepatocytes.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nAdipose tissue from MAO individuals contains increased numbers of Th17 and Th22 cells, which produce cytokines that cause metabolic dysfunction in liver and muscle in vitro. Additional studies are needed to determine whether these alterations in adipose tissue T cells contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obese people.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"6328562","authorName":"Elisa Fabbrini","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"elisa-fabbrini-dvbLj1","family":"Fabbrini","given":"Elisa"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"19860613","authorName":"Marina Cella","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"marina-cella-G6AaLL","family":"Cella","given":"Marina"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"64542774","authorName":"Steve A. Mccartney","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"steve-a-mccartney-pVLNLw","family":"Mccartney","given":"Steve A."},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"8082696","authorName":"Anja Fuchs","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"anja-fuchs-M21g8X","family":"Fuchs","given":"Anja"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"1846449","authorName":"Nada A. Abumrad","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"nada-a-abumrad-A2edE","family":"Abumrad","given":"Nada A."},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"10659883","authorName":"Terri A. Pietka","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"terri-a-pietka-ayennj","family":"Pietka","given":"Terri A."},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"13723397","authorName":"Zhouji Chen","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"zhouji-chen-vxOdk3","family":"Chen","given":"Zhouji"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"22224481","authorName":"Brian N. Finck","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"brian-n-finck-jzYEOy","family":"Finck","given":"Brian N."},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"154715410","authorName":"Dong Ho Han","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"dong-ho-han-6aL9xE","family":"Han","given":"Dong Ho"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"865583","authorName":"Faidon Magkos","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"faidon-magkos-amb81","family":"Magkos","given":"Faidon"},{"affiliation":"Sapienza University of Rome","affiliationID":"7808","affiliationSlug":"sapienza-university-of-rome-MlVW","authorID":"147884582","authorName":"Caterina Conte","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"caterina-conte-VlGK1W","family":"Conte","given":"Caterina"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"19312583","authorName":"Steven M. Bradley","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"steven-m-bradley-aYn5R1","family":"Bradley","given":"Steven M."},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"15028188","authorName":"David Bradley","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"david-bradley-3KA3LW","family":"Bradley","given":"David"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"28339390","authorName":"Gemma Fraterrigo","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"gemma-fraterrigo-9x84Rb","family":"Fraterrigo","given":"Gemma"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"2597312","authorName":"J. Christopher Eagon","authorSequenceNumber":14,"authorSlug":"j-christopher-eagon-0V2gZ","family":"Eagon","given":"J. Christopher"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"17244299","authorName":"Bruce W. Patterson","authorSequenceNumber":15,"authorSlug":"bruce-w-patterson-eD8zK0","family":"Patterson","given":"Bruce W."},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"9938079","authorName":"Marco Colonna","authorSequenceNumber":16,"authorSlug":"marco-colonna-KWXmvd","family":"Colonna","given":"Marco"},{"affiliation":"Washington University in St. Louis","affiliationID":"19037","affiliationSlug":"washington-university-in-st-louis-jjaJ","authorID":"13449418","authorName":"Samuel Klein","authorSequenceNumber":17,"authorSlug":"samuel-klein-dKZeXy","family":"Klein","given":"Samuel"}],"doi":"10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.010","editorialNotices":[],"id":83257460,"issns":["0016-5085"],"issue":"2","journal":"Gastroenterology","journalSlug":"pnmJj","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"366-374.e3","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Gastroenterology","slug":"association-between-specific-adipose-tissue-QpEVZJ","title":"Association Between Specific Adipose Tissue CD4+ T-Cell Populations and Insulin Resistance in Obese Individuals","type":"journal-article","volume":"145","year":2013},"10.1074/jbc.275.12.8456":{"abstract":"Insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and may be related to alterations in fat metabolism. Fatless mice have been created using dominant-negative protein (A-ZIP/F-1) targeted gene expression in the adipocyte and shown to develop diabetes. To understand the mechanism responsible for the insulin resistance in these mice, we conducted hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps in awake fatless and wild type littermates before the development of diabetes and examined insulin action and signaling in muscle and liver. We found the fatless mice to be severely insulinresistant, which could be attributed to defects in insulin action in muscle and liver. Both of these abnormalities were associated with defects in insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and a 2-fold increase in muscle and liver triglyceride content. We also show that upon transplantation of fat tissue into these mice, triglyceride content in muscle and liver returned to normal as does insulin signaling and action. In conclusion, these results suggest that the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes may be due to alterations in the partitioning of fat between the adipocyte and muscle/liver leading to accumulation of triglyceride in the latter tissues with subsequent impairment of insulin signaling and action.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"15023009","authorName":"Jason K. Kim","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"jason-k-kim-vdg5aJ","family":"Kim","given":"Jason K."},{"affiliation":"National Institutes of Health","affiliationID":"26753","affiliationSlug":"national-institutes-of-health-vVaJ","authorID":"17567133","authorName":"Oksana Gavrilova","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"oksana-gavrilova-nz5X46","family":"Gavrilova","given":"Oksana"},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"92152483","authorName":"Yan Chen","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"yan-chen-aZwp6r","family":"Chen","given":"Yan"},{"affiliation":"National Institutes of Health","affiliationID":"26753","affiliationSlug":"national-institutes-of-health-vVaJ","authorID":"6596888","authorName":"Marc L. Reitman","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"marc-l-reitman-3n1GLy","family":"Reitman","given":"Marc L."},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"5886223","authorName":"Gerald I. Shulman","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"gerald-i-shulman-J1LvKY","family":"Shulman","given":"Gerald I."}],"doi":"10.1074/jbc.275.12.8456","editorialNotices":[],"id":85706041,"issns":["0021-9258"],"issue":"12","journal":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","journalSlug":"MVW30","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"8456-8460","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","slug":"mechanism-of-insulin-resistance-in-XR5Emw","title":"Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in A-ZIP/F-1 Fatless Mice","type":"journal-article","volume":"275","year":2000},"10.1074/jbc.m109.061655":{"abstract":"Recent reports demonstrate T-cell infiltration of adipose tissue in early obesity. We hypothesized that interferon (IFN) ␥, a major T-cell inflammatory cytokine, would attenuate human adipocyte functions and sought to establish signaling mechanisms. Differentiated human adipocytes were treated with IFN␥ ؎ pharmacological inhibitors prior to insulin stimulation.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Pennsylvania","affiliationID":"15362","affiliationSlug":"university-of-pennsylvania-dN49","authorID":"8092877","authorName":"Fiona C. McGillicuddy","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"fiona-c-mcgillicuddy-ngJQX6","family":"McGillicuddy","given":"Fiona C."},{"affiliation":"Cardiovascular Institute of the South","affiliationID":"5887","affiliationSlug":"cardiovascular-institute-of-the-south-meOY","authorID":"104629","authorName":"Elise H. Chiquoine","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"elise-h-chiquoine-r6j64","family":"Chiquoine","given":"Elise H."},{"affiliation":"Cardiovascular Institute of the South","affiliationID":"5887","affiliationSlug":"cardiovascular-institute-of-the-south-meOY","authorID":"10676726","authorName":"Christine C. Hinkle","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"christine-c-hinkle-R5nOrD","family":"Hinkle","given":"Christine C."},{"affiliation":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","affiliationID":"25227","affiliationSlug":"children-s-hospital-of-philadelphia-N0lg","authorID":"20859841","authorName":"Roy J. Kim","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"roy-j-kim-XEa5Ql","family":"Kim","given":"Roy J."},{"affiliation":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","affiliationID":"25227","affiliationSlug":"children-s-hospital-of-philadelphia-N0lg","authorID":"12514307","authorName":"Rachana Shah","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"rachana-shah-YD4pyD","family":"Shah","given":"Rachana"},{"affiliation":"University College Dublin","affiliationID":"6020","affiliationSlug":"university-college-dublin-ygJa","authorID":"15444403","authorName":"Helen M. Roche","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"helen-m-roche-115v4W","family":"Roche","given":"Helen M."},{"affiliation":"University of Pennsylvania","affiliationID":"15362","affiliationSlug":"university-of-pennsylvania-dN49","authorID":"8509012","authorName":"Emer M. Smyth","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"emer-m-smyth-0aOj4y","family":"Smyth","given":"Emer M."},{"affiliation":"Cardiovascular Institute of the South","affiliationID":"5887","affiliationSlug":"cardiovascular-institute-of-the-south-meOY","authorID":"14621088","authorName":"Muredach P. Reilly","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"muredach-p-reilly-3MPJrd","family":"Reilly","given":"Muredach P."}],"doi":"10.1074/jbc.m109.061655","editorialNotices":[],"id":85722044,"issns":["0021-9258"],"issue":"46","journal":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","journalSlug":"MVW30","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"31936-31944","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","slug":"interferon-attenuates-insulin-signaling-3kRe2y","title":"Interferon γ Attenuates Insulin Signaling, Lipid Storage, and Differentiation in Human Adipocytes via Activation of the JAK/STAT Pathway","type":"journal-article","volume":"284","year":2009},"10.1074/jbc.m114.628487":{"authors":[{"authorID":"15368351","authorName":"R. Grace Walton","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"r-grace-walton-YXX9NE","family":"Walton","given":"R. Grace"},{"authorID":"72555609","authorName":"Beibei Zhu","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"beibei-zhu-vn5WxZ","family":"Zhu","given":"Beibei"},{"affiliation":"Muğla University","affiliationID":"25281","affiliationSlug":"mugla-university-jd6O","authorID":"14893089","authorName":"Resat Unal","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"resat-unal-PD5NMb","family":"Unal","given":"Resat"},{"authorID":"20249405","authorName":"Michael L. Spencer","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"michael-l-spencer-AOakaE","family":"Spencer","given":"Michael L."},{"authorID":"8655003","authorName":"Manjula Sunkara","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"manjula-sunkara-1gvwGy","family":"Sunkara","given":"Manjula"},{"authorID":"13056434","authorName":"Andrew J. Morris","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"andrew-j-morris-OMeWVA","family":"Morris","given":"Andrew J."},{"authorID":"16010415","authorName":"Richard Charnigo","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"richard-charnigo-bj6408","family":"Charnigo","given":"Richard"},{"authorID":"12419796","authorName":"Wendy S. Katz","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"wendy-s-katz-Mae60l","family":"Katz","given":"Wendy S."},{"affiliation":"University of Kentucky","affiliationID":"15265","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kentucky-86Z3","authorID":"25982711","authorName":"Alan Daugherty","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"alan-daugherty-e14XaK","family":"Daugherty","given":"Alan"},{"affiliation":"University of Kentucky","affiliationID":"15265","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kentucky-86Z3","authorID":"201658","authorName":"Deborah A. Howatt","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"deborah-a-howatt-g1jRA","family":"Howatt","given":"Deborah A."},{"authorID":"50346380","authorName":"Philip A. Kern","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"philip-a-kern-ldGZgv","family":"Kern","given":"Philip A."},{"authorID":"24271720","authorName":"Brian S. Finlin","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"brian-s-finlin-yAM4ZR","family":"Finlin","given":"Brian S."}],"doi":"10.1074/jbc.m114.628487","editorialNotices":[],"id":85742367,"issns":["0021-9258"],"issue":"18","journal":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","journalSlug":"MVW30","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"11547-11556","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","slug":"increasing-adipocyte-lipoprotein-lipase-improves-JQegAn","title":"Increasing Adipocyte Lipoprotein Lipase Improves Glucose Metabolism in High Fat Diet-induced Obesity","type":"journal-article","volume":"290","year":2015},"10.1080/2162402x.2015.1056442":{"abstract":"Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, particularly in glioblastoma (GBM), and known to be a poor prognosis factor in GBM patients. The growth of GBM is also associated with a marked inflammation partially characterized by an accumulation of macrophage (MΦ) of the M2 phenotype. However, the transition between M1 MΦ (antitumoral) and M2 MΦ (protumoral) phenotypes is a dynamic process. We made the assumption that oxygen (O2) availability could be a major regulator of this transition and that the intratumoral O2 gradient is of importance. We evaluated, in vivo, the impact of hypoxia on MΦ tropism and polarization in two models of human GBM, well differentiated by their degree of hypoxia. MΦ migration in the tumor was more pronounced in the more hypoxic tumor of the two GBM models. In the more hypoxic of the models, we have shown that MΦ migrated at the tumor site only when hypoxia takes place. We also demonstrated that the acquisition of the M2 phenotype was clearly an evolving phenomenon with hypoxia as the major trigger for this transition. In support of these in vivo finding, M0 but also M1 MΦ cultured in moderate or severe hypoxia displayed a phenotype close to that of M2 MΦ whose phenotype was further reinforced by severe hypoxia. These results highlight the role of hypoxia in the aggressiveness of GBM, in part, by transforming MΦ such that a protumoral activity is expressed.","authors":[{"authorID":"10811488","authorName":"M.M. Leblond","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"m-m-leblond-38R2GJ","family":"Leblond","given":"M.M."},{"authorID":"8445599","authorName":"Aurélie N. Gérault","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"aurelie-n-gerault-eP21Vz","family":"Gérault","given":"Aurélie N."},{"authorID":"66161215","authorName":"Aurélien Corroyer-Dulmont","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"aurelien-corroyer-dulmont-bmgGNk","family":"Corroyer-Dulmont","given":"Aurélien"},{"authorID":"14725421","authorName":"Eric T. MacKenzie","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"eric-t-mackenzie-8VjZn9","family":"MacKenzie","given":"Eric T."},{"authorID":"18194196","authorName":"Edwige Petit","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"edwige-petit-MlwLkW","family":"Petit","given":"Edwige"},{"authorID":"8501403","authorName":"Myriam Bernaudin","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"myriam-bernaudin-1gXEKM","family":"Bernaudin","given":"Myriam"},{"authorID":"27051663","authorName":"Samuel Valable","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"samuel-valable-DjOMGz","family":"Valable","given":"Samuel"}],"doi":"10.1080/2162402x.2015.1056442","editorialNotices":[],"id":88644956,"issns":["2162-402X"],"issue":"1","journal":"OncoImmunology","journalSlug":"zR0j9","keywords":["Original Research"],"memberId":301,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"e1056442","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"OncoImmunology","slug":"hypoxia-induces-macrophage-polarization-and-0vyDV9","title":"Hypoxia induces macrophage polarization and re-education toward an M2 phenotype in U87 and U251 glioblastoma models","type":"journal-article","volume":"5","year":2015},"10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0105":{"abstract":"Much of the work conducted on adult stem cells has focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found within the bone marrow stroma. Adipose tissue, like bone marrow, is derived from the embryonic mesenchyme and contains a stroma that is easily isolated. Preliminary studies have recently identified a putative stem cell population within the adipose stromal compartment. This cell population, termed processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells, can be isolated from human lipoaspirates and, like MSCs, differentiate toward the osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. To confirm whether adipose tissue contains stem cells, the PLA population and multiple clonal isolates were analyzed using several molecular and biochemical approaches. PLA cells expressed multiple CD marker antigens similar to those observed on MSCs. Mesodermal lineage induction of PLA cells and clones resulted in the expression of multiple lineage-specific genes and proteins. Furthermore, biochemical analysis also confirmed lineage-specific activity. In addition to mesodermal capacity, PLA cells and clones differentiated into putative neurogenic cells, exhibiting a neuronal-like morphology and expressing several proteins consistent with the neuronal phenotype. Finally, PLA cells exhibited unique characteristics distinct from those seen in MSCs, including differences in CD marker profile and gene expression.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"10904548","authorName":"Patricia A. Zuk","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"patricia-a-zuk-WGwQR1","family":"Zuk","given":"Patricia A."},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"214178751","authorName":"Min Zhu","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"min-zhu-YZbjbV3","family":"Zhu","given":"Min"},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"6176633","authorName":"Peter Ashjian","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"peter-ashjian-n6RKm6","family":"Ashjian","given":"Peter"},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"32143121","authorName":"Daniel A. De Ugarte","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"daniel-a-de-ugarte-88xJY2","family":"Ugarte","given":"Daniel A. De"},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"31478953","authorName":"Jerry I. Huang","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"jerry-i-huang-vp3kzW","family":"Huang","given":"Jerry I."},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"31856060","authorName":"Hiroshi Mizuno","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"hiroshi-mizuno-QQGRLV","family":"Mizuno","given":"Hiroshi"},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"8164751","authorName":"Zeni Alfonso","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"zeni-alfonso-YgK14L","family":"Alfonso","given":"Zeni"},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"31602369","authorName":"John K. Fraser","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"john-k-fraser-5e9ygp","family":"Fraser","given":"John K."},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"205945766","authorName":"Prosper Benhaim","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"prosper-benhaim-xXw4r4g","family":"Benhaim","given":"Prosper"},{"affiliation":"University of California, Los Angeles","affiliationID":"16569","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-los-angeles-5eED","authorID":"8997341","authorName":"Marc H. Hedrick","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"marc-h-hedrick-XekLkx","family":"Hedrick","given":"Marc H."}],"doi":"10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0105","editorialNotices":[],"id":90224106,"issns":["1059-1524","1939-4586"],"issue":"12","journal":"Molecular Biology of the Cell","journalSlug":"3naW2","memberId":1076,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"4279-4295","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB)","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"MBoC","slug":"human-adipose-tissue-is-a-zgLwX8","title":"Human Adipose Tissue Is a Source of Multipotent Stem Cells","type":"journal-article","volume":"13","year":2002},"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101":{"abstract":"Summary: We have developed ClueGO, an easy to use Cytoscape plug-in that strongly improves biological interpretation of large lists of genes. ClueGO integrates Gene Ontology (GO) terms as well as KEGG/BioCarta pathways and creates a functionally organized GO/pathway term network. It can analyze one or compare two lists of genes and comprehensively visualizes functionally grouped terms. A one-click update option allows ClueGO to automatically download the most recent GO/KEGG release at any time. ClueGO provides an intuitive representation of the analysis results and can be optionally used in conjunction with the GOlorize plug-in.Availability: http://www.ici.upmc.fr/cluego/cluegoDownload.shtmlContact: jerome.galon@crc.jussieu.frSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Inserm","affiliationID":"6896","affiliationSlug":"inserm-MaEp","authorID":"190599640","authorName":"Gabriela-Luana Bindea","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"gabriela-luana-bindea-Le9NdZ5","family":"Bindea","given":"Gabriela-Luana"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"5929588","authorName":"Bernhard Mlecnik","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"bernhard-mlecnik-3nEwDg","family":"Mlecnik","given":"Bernhard"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"175923479","authorName":"Bernhard Mlecnik","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"bernhard-mlecnik-K6WDab5","family":"Mlecnik","given":"Bernhard"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"6807462","authorName":"Hubert Hackl","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"hubert-hackl-dvnP03","family":"Hackl","given":"Hubert"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"5188329","authorName":"Pornpimol Charoentong","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"pornpimol-charoentong-r6X5bA","family":"Charoentong","given":"Pornpimol"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"67195293","authorName":"Marie Tosolini","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"marie-tosolini-Aaz0jE","family":"Tosolini","given":"Marie"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"7006357","authorName":"Amos Kirilovsky","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"amos-kirilovsky-G3MnGK","family":"Kirilovsky","given":"Amos"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"7234686","authorName":"Wolf H. Fridman","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"wolf-h-fridman-4LnnnV","family":"Fridman","given":"Wolf H."},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"191883796","authorName":"Franck Pagès","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"franck-pages-MVy0Lbm","family":"Pagès","given":"Franck"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"51866335","authorName":"Zlatko Trajanoski","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"zlatko-trajanoski-Kvx09e","family":"Trajanoski","given":"Zlatko"},{"affiliation":"Sorbonne University","affiliationID":"21314","affiliationSlug":"sorbonne-university-g0bQ","authorID":"23365565","authorName":"Jérôme Galon","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"jerome-galon-8NWDRx","family":"Galon","given":"Jérôme"}],"doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101","editorialNotices":[],"id":90562888,"issns":["1460-2059","1367-4803"],"issue":"8","journal":"Bioinformatics","journalSlug":"PQ0m2","keywords":["Applications Note"],"memberId":286,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1091-1093","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","retracted":false,"slug":"cluego-a-cytoscape-plug-in-to-3bzmjd","title":"ClueGO: a Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","year":2009},"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120":{"abstract":"Motivation: A new protocol for sequencing the messenger RNA in a cell, known as RNA-Seq, generates millions of short sequence fragments in a single run. These fragments, or ‘reads’, can be used to measure levels of gene expression and to identify novel splice variants of genes. However, current software for aligning RNA-Seq data to a genome relies on known splice junctions and cannot identify novel ones. TopHat is an efficient read-mapping algorithm designed to align reads from an RNA-Seq experiment to a reference genome without relying on known splice sites.Results: We mapped the RNA-Seq reads from a recent mammalian RNA-Seq experiment and recovered more than 72% of the splice junctions reported by the annotation-based software from that study, along with nearly 20 000 previously unreported junctions. The TopHat pipeline is much faster than previous systems, mapping nearly 2.2 million reads per CPU hour, which is sufficient to process an entire RNA-Seq experiment in less than a day on a standard desktop computer. We describe several challenges unique to ab initio splice site discovery from RNA-Seq reads that will require further algorithm development.Availability: TopHat is free, open-source software available from http://tophat.cbcb.umd.eduContact: cole@cs.umd.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Maryland, College Park","affiliationID":"2613","affiliationSlug":"university-of-maryland-college-park-G3YK","authorID":"8885272","authorName":"Cole Trapnell","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"cole-trapnell-wb9XKL","family":"Trapnell","given":"Cole"},{"affiliation":"University of Maryland, College Park","affiliationID":"2613","affiliationSlug":"university-of-maryland-college-park-G3YK","authorID":"8878157","authorName":"Lior Pachter","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"lior-pachter-G5yZdA","family":"Pachter","given":"Lior"},{"affiliation":"University of Maryland, College Park","affiliationID":"2613","affiliationSlug":"university-of-maryland-college-park-G3YK","authorID":"483606902","authorName":"Steven L. Salzberg","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"steven-l-salzberg-9bPOnP9","family":"Salzberg","given":"Steven L."}],"doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120","editorialNotices":[],"id":90562907,"issns":["1460-2059","1367-4803"],"issue":"9","journal":"Bioinformatics","journalSlug":"PQ0m2","keywords":["Original Papers"],"memberId":286,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1105-1111","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","retracted":false,"slug":"tophat-discovering-splice-junctions-with-Y5Kj23","title":"TopHat: discovering splice junctions with RNA-Seq","type":"journal-article","volume":"25","year":2009},"10.1126/science.1201475":{"abstract":"Eosinophils are associated with helminth immunity and allergy, often in conjunction with alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Adipose tissue AAMs are necessary to maintain glucose homeostasis and are induced by the cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4). Here, we show that eosinophils are the major IL-4-expressing cells in white adipose tissues of mice, and, in their absence, AAMs are greatly attenuated. Eosinophils migrate into adipose by an integrin-dependent process and reconstitute AAMs through an IL-4/IL-13-dependent process. Mice on high-fat diet develop increased body fat, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in the absence of eosinophils, and helminth-induced adipose eosinophilia enhances glucose tolerance. Our results suggest that eosinophils play an unexpected role in metabolic homeostasis through maintenance of adipose AAMs.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"14547459","authorName":"Davina Wu","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"davina-wu-b8KyY8","family":"Wu","given":"Davina"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"6805954","authorName":"Ari B. Molofsky","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"ari-b-molofsky-68mWl6","family":"Molofsky","given":"Ari B."},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"11178770","authorName":"Hong-Erh Liang","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"hong-erh-liang-R5K3MN","family":"Liang","given":"Hong-Erh"},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"10317769","authorName":"Roberto R. Ricardo-Gonzalez","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"roberto-r-ricardo-gonzalez-5YAR9A","family":"Ricardo-Gonzalez","given":"Roberto R."},{"affiliation":"Stanford University","affiliationID":"23761","affiliationSlug":"stanford-university-EVVW","authorID":"9020513","authorName":"Hani A. Jouihan","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"hani-a-jouihan-G5K8YE","family":"Jouihan","given":"Hani A."},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"8379223","authorName":"Jennifer K. Bando","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"jennifer-k-bando-JWZ2vk","family":"Bando","given":"Jennifer K."},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"32477922","authorName":"Ajay Chawla","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"ajay-chawla-xpjLMg","family":"Chawla","given":"Ajay"},{"affiliation":"University of California, San Francisco","affiliationID":"12272","affiliationSlug":"university-of-california-san-francisco-w1Ry","authorID":"6048470","authorName":"Richard M. Locksley","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"richard-m-locksley-RVle83","family":"Locksley","given":"Richard M."}],"doi":"10.1126/science.1201475","editorialNotices":[],"id":103081497,"issns":["0036-8075","1095-9203"],"issue":"6026","journal":"Science","journalSlug":"y8MnG","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":221,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"243-247","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Science","slug":"eosinophils-sustain-adipose-alternatively-activated-vMKdvV","title":"Eosinophils Sustain Adipose Alternatively Activated Macrophages Associated with Glucose Homeostasis","type":"journal-article","volume":"332","year":2011},"10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322":{"abstract":"The modern rise in obesity and its strong association with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes have elicited interest in the underlying mechanisms of these pathologies. The discovery that obesity itself results in an inflammatory state in metabolic tissues ushered in a research field that examines the inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Here, we summarize the unique features of this metabolic inflammatory state, termed metaflammation and defined as low-grade, chronic inflammation orchestrated by metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients and energy. We explore the effects of such inflammation in metabolic tissues including adipose, liver, muscle, pancreas, and brain and its contribution to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Another area in which many unknowns still exist is the origin or mechanism of initiation of inflammatory signaling in obesity. We discuss signals or triggers to the inflammatory response, including the possibility of endoplasmic reticulum stress as an important contributor to metaflammation. Finally, we examine anti-inflammatory therapies for their potential in the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Harvard University","affiliationID":"14927","affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","authorID":"16265116","authorName":"Margaret F. Gregor","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"margaret-f-gregor-Q6O5K9","family":"Gregor","given":"Margaret F."},{"affiliation":"Harvard University","affiliationID":"14927","affiliationSlug":"harvard-university-NmzP","authorID":"24580538","authorName":"Gökhan S. Hotamisligil","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"gokhan-s-hotamisligil-Vj555z","family":"Hotamisligil","given":"Gökhan S."}],"doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322","editorialNotices":[],"id":105718425,"issns":["0732-0582","1545-3278"],"issue":"1","journal":"Annual Review of Immunology","journalSlug":"ejgZO","keywords":["adiposity","metaflammation","insulin resistance","inflammatory signaling","organelle stress","nutrient signals vi Contents"],"memberId":22,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"415-445","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Annual Reviews","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Annu. Rev. Immunol.","slug":"inflammatory-mechanisms-in-obesity-55ZYk2","title":"Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity","type":"journal-article","volume":"29","year":2011},"10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057":{"abstract":"I review evidence that leptin is a liporegulatory hormone that controls lipid homeostasis in nonadipose tissues during periods of overnutrition. When adipocytes store excess calories as triacylglycerol (TG), leptin secretion rises so as to prevent accumulation of lipids in nonadipose tissues, which are not adapted for TG storage. Whenever leptin action is lacking, whether through leptin deficiency or leptin resistance, overnutrition causes disease of nonadipose tissues with generalized steatosis, lipotoxicity, and lipoapoptosis. Examples of such disorders of liporegulation include generalized lipodystrophies, mutations of leptin and leptin receptor genes, and diet-induced obesity. Lipotoxicity of pancreatic beta-cells, myocardium, and skeletal muscle leads, respectively, to type 2 diabetes, cardiomyopathy, and insulin resistance. In humans this constellation of abnormalities is referred to as the metabolic syndrome, a major health problem in the United States. When lipids overaccumulate in nonadipose tissues during overnutrition, fatty acids enter deleterious pathways such as ceramide production, which, through increased nitric oxide formation, causes apoptosis of lipid-laden cells, such as beta-cells and cardiomyocytes. Lipoapoptosis can be prevented by caloric restriction, by thiazolidinedione treatment, and by administration of nitric oxide blockers. There is now substantial evidence that complications of human obesity may reflect lipotoxicity similar to that described in rodents.","authors":[{"affiliation":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","affiliationID":"3092","affiliationSlug":"the-university-of-texas-southwestern-W8Yd","authorID":"982324166","authorName":"Roger H. Unger","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"roger-h-unger-xPJRMOw","family":"Unger","given":"Roger H."}],"doi":"10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057","editorialNotices":[],"id":105740370,"issns":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"issue":"1","journal":"Annual Review of Medicine","journalSlug":"vJGbV","memberId":22,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"319-336","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Annual Reviews","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Annu. Rev. Med.","slug":"lipotoxic-diseases-RX8EN3","title":"Lipotoxic Diseases","type":"journal-article","volume":"53","year":2002},"10.1172/jci15001":{"abstract":"Lipodystrophy is a rare disorder that is characterized by selective loss of subcutaneous and visceral fat and is associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hepatomegaly, and disordered glucose metabolism. It has recently been shown that chronic leptin treatment ameliorates these abnormalities. Here we show that chronic leptin treatment improves insulin-stimulated hepatic and peripheral glucose metabolism in severely insulin-resistant lipodystrophic patients. This improvement in insulin action was associated with a marked reduction in hepatic and muscle triglyceride content. These data suggest that leptin may represent an important new therapy to reverse the severe hepatic and muscle insulin resistance and associated hepatic steatosis in patients with lipodystrophy","authors":[{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"19514059","authorName":"Kitt Falk Petersen","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"kitt-falk-petersen-bM98wW","family":"Petersen","given":"Kitt Falk"},{"authorID":"101157744","authorName":"Elif A. Oral","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"elif-a-oral-3wQkPJ","family":"Oral","given":"Elif A."},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"148536730","authorName":"Sylvie Dufour","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"sylvie-dufour-pJ9mK3","family":"Dufour","given":"Sylvie"},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"1529050","authorName":"Douglas E. Befroy","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"douglas-e-befroy-zW4yx","family":"Befroy","given":"Douglas E."},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"24586504","authorName":"Charlotte E. Ariyan","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"charlotte-e-ariyan-Wa5r1N","family":"Ariyan","given":"Charlotte E."},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"18585489","authorName":"Chunli Yu","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"chunli-yu-Pv5xk0","family":"Yu","given":"Chunli"},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"7080077","authorName":"Gary W. Cline","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"gary-w-cline-n68Dgk","family":"Cline","given":"Gary W."},{"affiliation":"Amgen","affiliationID":"18955","affiliationSlug":"amgen-eAJO","authorID":"7128516","authorName":"Alex M. DePaoli","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"alex-m-depaoli-QeZ4m9","family":"DePaoli","given":"Alex M."},{"affiliation":"National Institutes of Health","affiliationID":"26753","affiliationSlug":"national-institutes-of-health-vVaJ","authorID":"19599942","authorName":"Simeon I. Taylor","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"simeon-i-taylor-4x3Zj3","family":"Taylor","given":"Simeon I."},{"affiliation":"National Institutes of Health","affiliationID":"26753","affiliationSlug":"national-institutes-of-health-vVaJ","authorID":"7701276","authorName":"Phillip Gorden","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"phillip-gorden-2WWaKL","family":"Gorden","given":"Phillip"},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"5886223","authorName":"Gerald I. Shulman","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"gerald-i-shulman-J1LvKY","family":"Shulman","given":"Gerald I."}],"doi":"10.1172/jci15001","editorialNotices":[],"id":108000450,"issns":["0021-9738"],"issue":"10","journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","journalSlug":"G3Dlb","keywords":[],"memberId":232,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1345-1350","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","shortJournal":"J. Clin. Invest.","slug":"leptin-reverses-insulin-resistance-and-zmylXY","title":"Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy","type":"journal-article","volume":"109","year":2002},"10.1172/jci19246":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"Columbia University","affiliationID":"8275","affiliationSlug":"columbia-university-Z3Ly","authorID":"150108093","authorName":"Stuart P. Weisberg","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"stuart-p-weisberg-AzNDDL","family":"Weisberg","given":"Stuart P."},{"authorID":"106203356","authorName":"Daniel McCann","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"daniel-mccann-0yx39y","family":"McCann","given":"Daniel"},{"authorID":"28017296","authorName":"Manisha Desai","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"manisha-desai-MyWNpp","family":"Desai","given":"Manisha"},{"authorID":"12962727","authorName":"Michael Rosenbaum","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"michael-rosenbaum-NYAma9","family":"Rosenbaum","given":"Michael"},{"authorID":"1464126","authorName":"Rudolph L. Leibel","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"rudolph-l-leibel-Rm0A9","family":"Leibel","given":"Rudolph L."},{"authorID":"15926846","authorName":"Anthony W. Ferrante","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"anthony-w-ferrante-9gA91G","family":"Ferrante","given":"Anthony W."}],"doi":"10.1172/jci19246","editorialNotices":[],"id":108001285,"issns":["0021-9738"],"issue":"12","journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","journalSlug":"G3Dlb","memberId":232,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1796-1808","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","shortJournal":"J. Clin. Invest.","slug":"obesity-is-associated-with-macrophage-Xm896A","title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","type":"journal-article","volume":"112","year":2003},"10.1172/jci31021":{"abstract":"Excess caloric intake can lead to insulin resistance. The underlying reasons are complex but likely related to ectopic lipid deposition in nonadipose tissue. We hypothesized that the inability to appropriately expand subcutaneous adipose tissue may be an underlying reason for insulin resistance and beta cell failure. Mice lacking leptin while overexpressing adiponectin showed normalized glucose and insulin levels and dramatically improved glucose as well as positively affected serum triglyceride levels. Therefore, modestly increasing the levels of circulating full-length adiponectin completely rescued the diabetic phenotype in ob/ob mice. They displayed increased expression of PPARgamma target genes and a reduction in macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and systemic inflammation. As a result, the transgenic mice were morbidly obese, with significantly higher levels of adipose tissue than their ob/ob littermates, leading to an interesting dichotomy of increased fat mass associated with improvement in insulin sensitivity. Based on these data, we propose that adiponectin acts as a peripheral \"starvation\" signal promoting the storage of triglycerides preferentially in adipose tissue. As a consequence, reduced triglyceride levels in the liver and muscle convey improved systemic insulin sensitivity. These mice therefore represent what we believe is a novel model of morbid obesity associated with an improved metabolic profile.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"56710517","authorName":"Ja Young Kim","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"ja-young-kim-EAkxZK","family":"Kim","given":"Ja Young"},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"74763281","authorName":"Esther Van De Wall","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"esther-van-de-wall-je4JVl","family":"Wall","given":"Esther Van De"},{"affiliation":"Université Laval","affiliationID":"7104","affiliationSlug":"universite-laval-WxWg","authorID":"73675717","authorName":"Mathieu Laplante","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"mathieu-laplante-E0XDXk","family":"Laplante","given":"Mathieu"},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"66287203","authorName":"Anthony Azzara","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"anthony-azzara-1daWXj","family":"Azzara","given":"Anthony"},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"16587171","authorName":"Maria E. Trujillo","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"maria-e-trujillo-Nnvzpm","family":"Trujillo","given":"Maria E."},{"affiliation":"University of Cincinnati","affiliationID":"19659","affiliationSlug":"university-of-cincinnati-bQ3Z","authorID":"19153644","authorName":"Susanna M. Hofmann","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"susanna-m-hofmann-3NK93K","family":"Hofmann","given":"Susanna M."},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"39422588","authorName":"Todd Schraw","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"todd-schraw-3vkYP2","family":"Schraw","given":"Todd"},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"12833947","authorName":"Jorge L. Durand","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"jorge-l-durand-1nNL1y","family":"Durand","given":"Jorge L."},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"27704089","authorName":"Hua Li","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"hua-li-PxKg5K","family":"Li","given":"Hua"},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"17474293","authorName":"Guangyu Li","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"guangyu-li-AxeOP3","family":"Li","given":"Guangyu"},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"379055","authorName":"Linda A. Jelicks","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"linda-a-jelicks-eDzJ0","family":"Jelicks","given":"Linda A."},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"17417115","authorName":"Mark F. Mehler","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"mark-f-mehler-bjgA1p","family":"Mehler","given":"Mark F."},{"affiliation":"University of Cincinnati","affiliationID":"19659","affiliationSlug":"university-of-cincinnati-bQ3Z","authorID":"424319808","authorName":"David Y. Hui","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"david-y-hui-M2LQQWY","family":"Hui","given":"David Y."},{"affiliation":"Université Laval","affiliationID":"7104","affiliationSlug":"universite-laval-WxWg","authorID":"918119","authorName":"Yves Deshaies","authorSequenceNumber":14,"authorSlug":"yves-deshaies-DJkJW","family":"Deshaies","given":"Yves"},{"affiliation":"Yale University","affiliationID":"8068","affiliationSlug":"yale-university-kyQE","authorID":"5886223","authorName":"Gerald I. Shulman","authorSequenceNumber":15,"authorSlug":"gerald-i-shulman-J1LvKY","family":"Shulman","given":"Gerald I."},{"affiliation":"Yeshiva University","affiliationID":"25469","affiliationSlug":"yeshiva-university-5QJW","authorID":"21123336","authorName":"Gary J. Schwartz","authorSequenceNumber":16,"authorSlug":"gary-j-schwartz-l62eza","family":"Schwartz","given":"Gary J."},{"authorID":"52493527","authorName":"Philipp E. Scherer","authorSequenceNumber":17,"authorSlug":"philipp-e-scherer-NOE2vz","family":"Scherer","given":"Philipp E."}],"doi":"10.1172/jci31021","editorialNotices":[],"id":108005431,"issns":["0021-9738"],"issue":"9","journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","journalSlug":"G3Dlb","keywords":[],"memberId":232,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"2621-2637","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"J. Clin. Invest.","slug":"obesity-associated-improvements-in-metabolic-profile-ZzJPZP","title":"Obesity-associated improvements in metabolic profile through expansion of adipose tissue","type":"journal-article","volume":"117","year":2007},"10.1172/jci7901":{"authors":[{"affiliation":"National Institutes of Health","affiliationID":"26753","affiliationSlug":"national-institutes-of-health-vVaJ","authorID":"17567133","authorName":"Oksana Gavrilova","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"oksana-gavrilova-nz5X46","family":"Gavrilova","given":"Oksana"},{"authorID":"7000847","authorName":"Bernice Marcus-Samuels","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"bernice-marcus-samuels-1ZkzDW","family":"Marcus-Samuels","given":"Bernice"},{"authorID":"170545366","authorName":"David Graham","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"david-graham-xXXKR6Q","family":"Graham","given":"David"},{"authorID":"15023009","authorName":"Jason K. Kim","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"jason-k-kim-vdg5aJ","family":"Kim","given":"Jason K."},{"authorID":"5886223","authorName":"Gerald I. Shulman","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"gerald-i-shulman-J1LvKY","family":"Shulman","given":"Gerald I."},{"authorID":"98232358","authorName":"Arthur L. Castle","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"arthur-l-castle-gJYREJ","family":"Castle","given":"Arthur L."},{"authorID":"8852758","authorName":"Charles Vinson","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"charles-vinson-g1vW31","family":"Vinson","given":"Charles"},{"authorID":"78461932","authorName":"Michael Eckhaus","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"michael-eckhaus-2EKlP1","family":"Eckhaus","given":"Michael"},{"authorID":"6596888","authorName":"Marc L. Reitman","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"marc-l-reitman-3n1GLy","family":"Reitman","given":"Marc L."}],"doi":"10.1172/jci7901","editorialNotices":[],"id":108012655,"issns":["0021-9738"],"issue":"3","journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","journalSlug":"G3Dlb","memberId":232,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"271-278","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"J. Clin. Invest.","slug":"surgical-implantation-of-adipose-tissue-eEOpd6","title":"Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice","type":"journal-article","volume":"105","year":2000},"10.1172/jci85664":{"abstract":"Increases in eosinophil numbers are associated with infection and allergic diseases, including asthma, but there is also evidence that eosinophils contribute to homeostatic immune processes. In mice, the normal lung contains resident eosinophils (rEos), but their function has not been characterized. Here, we have reported that steady-state pulmonary rEos are IL-5-independent parenchymal Siglec-FintCD62L+CD101lo cells with a ring-shaped nucleus. During house dust mite-induced airway allergy, rEos features remained unchanged, and rEos were accompanied by recruited inflammatory eosinophils (iEos), which were defined as IL-5-dependent peribronchial Siglec-FhiCD62L-CD101hi cells with a segmented nucleus. Gene expression analyses revealed a more regulatory profile for rEos than for iEos, and correspondingly, mice lacking lung rEos showed an increase in Th2 cell responses to inhaled allergens. Such elevation of Th2 responses was linked to the ability of rEos, but not iEos, to inhibit the maturation, and therefore the pro-Th2 function, of allergen-loaded DCs. Finally, we determined that the parenchymal rEos found in nonasthmatic human lungs (Siglec-8+CD62L+IL-3Rlo cells) were phenotypically distinct from the iEos isolated from the sputa of eosinophilic asthmatic patients (Siglec-8+CD62LloIL-3Rhi cells), suggesting that our findings in mice are relevant to humans. In conclusion, our data define lung rEos as a distinct eosinophil subset with key homeostatic functions","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"177678837","authorName":"Claire Mesnil","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"claire-mesnil-jMXVabV","family":"Mesnil","given":"Claire"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"26329268","authorName":"Stéfanie Raulier","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"stefanie-raulier-kQevag","family":"Raulier","given":"Stéfanie"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"10250781","authorName":"Geneviève Paulissen","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"genevieve-paulissen-j6NRad","family":"Paulissen","given":"Geneviève"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"81340856","authorName":"Xue Xiao","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"xue-xiao-02VJjZ","family":"Xiao","given":"Xue"},{"authorID":"214095906","authorName":"Mark A. Birrell","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"mark-a-birrell-zRd19eb","family":"Birrell","given":"Mark A."},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"71959784","authorName":"Dimitri Pirottin","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"dimitri-pirottin-L3lw6X","family":"Pirottin","given":"Dimitri"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"27354415","authorName":"Thibaut Janss","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"thibaut-janss-bNnMW6","family":"Janss","given":"Thibaut"},{"authorID":"11397405","authorName":"Philipp Starkl","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"philipp-starkl-AG3nGv","family":"Starkl","given":"Philipp"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"3244950","authorName":"Eve Ramery","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"eve-ramery-z8zz8","family":"Ramery","given":"Eve"},{"authorID":"8764964","authorName":"Monique Henket","authorSequenceNumber":10,"authorSlug":"monique-henket-yZP256","family":"Henket","given":"Monique"},{"authorID":"33968931","authorName":"Florence Schleich","authorSequenceNumber":11,"authorSlug":"florence-schleich-ZDxvOn","family":"Schleich","given":"Florence"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"11327135","authorName":"Marc Radermecker","authorSequenceNumber":12,"authorSlug":"marc-radermecker-KljyZ5","family":"Radermecker","given":"Marc"},{"authorID":"24111146","authorName":"Kris Thielemans","authorSequenceNumber":13,"authorSlug":"kris-thielemans-9N3bgr","family":"Thielemans","given":"Kris"},{"authorID":"25816346","authorName":"Laurent Gillet","authorSequenceNumber":14,"authorSlug":"laurent-gillet-9NYbYN","family":"Gillet","given":"Laurent"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"16452683","authorName":"Marc Thiry","authorSequenceNumber":15,"authorSlug":"marc-thiry-a8kn2r","family":"Thiry","given":"Marc"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"214066975","authorName":"Maria G. Belvisi","authorSequenceNumber":16,"authorSlug":"maria-g-belvisi-ZGb3M0p","family":"Belvisi","given":"Maria G."},{"authorID":"16310778","authorName":"Renaud Louis","authorSequenceNumber":17,"authorSlug":"renaud-louis-Ov2zr8","family":"Louis","given":"Renaud"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"30627395","authorName":"Christophe Desmet","authorSequenceNumber":18,"authorSlug":"christophe-desmet-YNKLnK","family":"Desmet","given":"Christophe"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"5569771","authorName":"Thomas Marichal","authorSequenceNumber":19,"authorSlug":"thomas-marichal-Nl6Rxz","family":"Marichal","given":"Thomas"},{"affiliation":"University of Liège","affiliationID":"7680","affiliationSlug":"university-of-liege-lQe3","authorID":"8267496","authorName":"Fabrice Bureau","authorSequenceNumber":20,"authorSlug":"fabrice-bureau-M2Q2KX","family":"Bureau","given":"Fabrice"}],"doi":"10.1172/jci85664","editorialNotices":[],"id":108013849,"issns":["0021-9738","1558-8238"],"issue":"9","journal":"Journal of Clinical Investigation","journalSlug":"G3Dlb","memberId":232,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"3279-3295","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"American Society for Clinical Investigation","retracted":false,"slug":"lung-resident-eosinophils-represent-a-distinct-AX0WVZ","title":"Lung-resident eosinophils represent a distinct regulatory eosinophil subset","type":"journal-article","volume":"126","year":2016},"10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1":{"abstract":"Insulin resistance is a multi-faceted disruption of the communication between insulin and the interior of a target cell. The underlying cause of insulin resistance appears to be inflammation that can either be increased or decreased by the fatty acid composition of the diet. However, the molecular basis for insulin resistance can be quite different in various organs. This review deals with various types of inflammatory inputs mediated by fatty acids, which affect the extent of insulin resistance in various organs.","authors":[{"authorID":"12372440","authorName":"Barry Sears","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"barry-sears-Lp6ZWm","family":"Sears","given":"Barry"},{"authorID":"76675623","authorName":"Mary Perry","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"mary-perry-JPPlnY","family":"Perry","given":"Mary"}],"doi":"10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1","editorialNotices":[],"id":110076748,"issns":["1476-511X"],"issue":"1","journal":"Lipids in Health and Disease","journalSlug":"Nlkme","keywords":["Review"],"memberId":297,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Lipids Health Dis","slug":"the-role-of-fatty-acids-WWJ0Od","title":"The role of fatty acids in insulin resistance","type":"journal-article","volume":"14","year":2015},"10.1194/jlr.m008771":{"abstract":"Storing excess energy for future use during starvation is critical for the survival of mammals. Much of this energy is stored in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) within lipid droplets, which are present most abundantly in adipocytes and which, in turn, accumulate in depots such as subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in mice and humans. TAG in lipid droplets is mobilized during starvation by lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis (lipolysis) to release energy in the forms of glycerol and free fatty acids, providing fuel to other cell types such as muscle and liver. Previous work investigating formation of lipid droplets and regulation of lipolysis has elucidated the importance of lipid dropletassociated proteins for these processes ( 1, 2 ). Based on shared sequence homology, one set of lipid droplet proteins is grouped as the perilipin-adipophilin-tail interacting protein 47 (PAT/TIP47) family of proteins ( 3 ). PAT-related proteins are functionally conserved from mammals to lower organisms such as Drosophila and Dictyostelium spp ( 4 ). In Drosophila , two PAT domain proteins are encoded by the Lsdp1 and Lsd2 genes. Drosophila loss-of-function Lsd2 mutants are lean, whereas Lsd2 overexpression causes obesity ( 5 ). In mammals, PAT proteins can be divided into exchangeable TAG-associated PAT proteins (EPATs) or constitutively TAG-associated PAT proteins (CPATs). EPATs include the TIP47/perilipin-3 (PLIN3), S3-12/PLIN4, and Abstract The lipid droplet-associated fat specifi c protein 27 (FSP27) suppresses lipolysis and thereby enhances triglyceride accumulation in adipocytes. We and others have recently found FSP27 to be a remarkably short-lived protein (half-life, 15 min) due to its rapid ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that lipolytic agents such as tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣ ) and isoproterenol modulate FSP27 levels to regulate FFA release. Consistent with this concept, we showed that the lipolytic actions of TNF-␣ , interleukin-1 ␤ (IL-1 ␤ ), and IFN-␥ are accompanied by marked decreases in FSP27 expression and lipid droplet size in mouse adipocytes. Similar depletion of FSP27 using short interfering RNA (siRNA) mimicked the lipolysis-enhancing effect of TNF-␣ , while maintaining stable FSP27 levels using expression of hemagglutinin epitopetagged FSP27 blocked TNF-␣ -mediated lipolysis. In contrast, we show the robust lipolytic action of isoproterenol is paradoxically associated with increases in FSP27 levels and a delayed degradation rate corresponding to decreased ubiquitination. This catecholamine-mediated increase in FSP27 abundance, probably a feedback mechanism for restraining excessive lipolysis by catecholamines, is mimicked by forskolin or 8-bromo-cAMP treatment and is prevented by the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT5720 or by PKA depletion using siRNA. Taken together, these data identify the regulation of FSP27 as an important intermediate in the mechanism of lipolysis in adipocytes in response to TNF-␣ and isoproterenol. -Ranjit, S","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","affiliationID":"260","affiliationSlug":"university-of-massachusetts-medical-school-Qkx","authorID":"14107537","authorName":"Srijana Ranjit","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"srijana-ranjit-jX534y","family":"Ranjit","given":"Srijana"},{"affiliation":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","affiliationID":"260","affiliationSlug":"university-of-massachusetts-medical-school-Qkx","authorID":"9832653","authorName":"Emilie Boutet","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"emilie-boutet-vyMG23","family":"Boutet","given":"Emilie"},{"affiliation":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","affiliationID":"260","affiliationSlug":"university-of-massachusetts-medical-school-Qkx","authorID":"16649396","authorName":"Pallavi Gandhi","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"pallavi-gandhi-MlPPNm","family":"Gandhi","given":"Pallavi"},{"affiliation":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","affiliationID":"260","affiliationSlug":"university-of-massachusetts-medical-school-Qkx","authorID":"102839282","authorName":"Matthieu Prot","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"matthieu-prot-Vr6vGE","family":"Prot","given":"Matthieu"},{"affiliation":"Kobe University","affiliationID":"18337","affiliationSlug":"kobe-university-jjG5","authorID":"9831292","authorName":"Yoshikazu Tamori","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"yoshikazu-tamori-WGr3ag","family":"Tamori","given":"Yoshikazu"},{"affiliation":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","affiliationID":"260","affiliationSlug":"university-of-massachusetts-medical-school-Qkx","authorID":"13735848","authorName":"Anil Chawla","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"anil-chawla-WxWA2J","family":"Chawla","given":"Anil"},{"affiliation":"Tufts University","affiliationID":"10923","affiliationSlug":"tufts-university-JlXG","authorID":"9750173","authorName":"Andrew S. Greenberg","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"andrew-s-greenberg-rxMPjw","family":"Greenberg","given":"Andrew S."},{"affiliation":"Boston University","affiliationID":"7891","affiliationSlug":"boston-university-11nj","authorID":"73159816","authorName":"Vishwajeet Puri","authorSequenceNumber":8,"authorSlug":"vishwajeet-puri-QAp2r6","family":"Puri","given":"Vishwajeet"},{"affiliation":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","affiliationID":"260","affiliationSlug":"university-of-massachusetts-medical-school-Qkx","authorID":"8333398","authorName":"Michael P. Czech","authorSequenceNumber":9,"authorSlug":"michael-p-czech-6M0PQ1","family":"Czech","given":"Michael P."}],"doi":"10.1194/jlr.m008771","editorialNotices":[],"id":110258347,"issns":["0022-2275"],"issue":"2","journal":"Journal of Lipid Research","journalSlug":"y8j1x","memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"221-236","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Journal of Lipid Research","slug":"regulation-of-fat-specific-protein-1LNjy6","title":"Regulation of fat specific protein 27 by isoproterenol and TNF-α to control lipolysis in murine adipocytes","type":"journal-article","volume":"52","year":2011},"10.1194/jlr.m800132-jlr200":{"abstract":"Chronic inflammation of adipose tissue in obesity is by now an established phenomenon, but the initiating event(s) of the inflammatory cascade are still unknown. We hypothesized that neutrophil infiltration into adipose tissue may precede macrophage infiltration as in classical immune responses. Here we demonstrate that early (3 and 7 days) after initiating high-fat feeding of C57BL/6J mice, neutrophils transiently infiltrate the parenchyma of intra-abdominal adipose tissue. Mean periepdidymal fat myeloperoxidase expression (representing neutrophils) was significantly increased 3.5-fold (P , 0.01) and 2.9-fold (P , 0.03), at days 3 and 7 compared with day 0. Immunohystochemistry analysis demonstrated a physical binding between neutrophils and adipocytes, which was supported by in vitro adherence assay: mouse peritoneal neutrophils adhered to a monolayer of 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes, in a manner dependent on their activation state, 41.9 6 3.7% or 29.5 6 2%, by PMA or the IL-8 analog CXCL1 (KC), respectively, compared with 24.8 6 1.5% in unstimulated neutrophils, respectively. The degree of surface exposure of CD11b (Mac-1) corresponded to the percentage of adhered neutrophils. The adherence was prevented by preincubating neutrophils or adipocytes with anti-CD11b or anti-ICAM-1 antibodies. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation of CD11b from lysates of a mixed neutrophil-adipocyte cell population resulted in coimmunoprecipitation of ICAM-1, indicating that the interaction is mediated by neutrophil CD11b and adipocyte ICAM-1.-Elgazar-Carmon, V., A. Rudich, N. Hadad, and R. Levy. Neutrophils transiently infiltrate intra-abdominal fat early in the course of high-fat feeding.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","affiliationID":"22717","affiliationSlug":"ben-gurion-university-of-the-negev-ENx1","authorID":"1070938","authorName":"Vered Elgazar-Carmon","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"vered-elgazar-carmon-VewxR","family":"Elgazar-Carmon","given":"Vered"},{"affiliation":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","affiliationID":"22717","affiliationSlug":"ben-gurion-university-of-the-negev-ENx1","authorID":"5757299","authorName":"Assaf Rudich","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"assaf-rudich-ejmwOr","family":"Rudich","given":"Assaf"},{"affiliation":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","affiliationID":"22717","affiliationSlug":"ben-gurion-university-of-the-negev-ENx1","authorID":"47105233","authorName":"Nurit Hadad","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"nurit-hadad-nL9AXn","family":"Hadad","given":"Nurit"},{"affiliation":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","affiliationID":"22717","affiliationSlug":"ben-gurion-university-of-the-negev-ENx1","authorID":"56245434","authorName":"Rachel Levy","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"rachel-levy-O2xWKO","family":"Levy","given":"Rachel"}],"doi":"10.1194/jlr.m800132-jlr200","editorialNotices":[],"id":110260909,"issns":["0022-2275"],"issue":"9","journal":"Journal of Lipid Research","journalSlug":"y8j1x","keywords":["Supplementary key words inflammation","obesity","adipocytes"],"memberId":78,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"1894-1903","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Elsevier BV","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"Journal of Lipid Research","slug":"neutrophils-transiently-infiltrate-intra-abdominal-fat-vOGP4W","title":"Neutrophils transiently infiltrate intra-abdominal fat early in the course of high-fat feeding","type":"journal-article","volume":"49","year":2008},"10.1371/journal.pone.0134089":{"abstract":"Immune reactivity plays an important role in obesity-associated metabolic disorders. We investigated immunometabolic phenotype of C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice, prototypical Th1 and Th2-type strains, fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks. In comparison to C57Bl/6 mice, chow-fed BALB/c mice had higher body weight and weight gain, lower glycemia, more pronounced liver steatosis, but less inflammation and collagen deposition in liver. In response to HFD C57Bl/6 mice exhibited higher weight gain, higher glycemia, HbA1c and liver glycogen content, increased amount of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and number of VAT associated CD3+CXCR3+ T cells, CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) and F4/80+ macrophages than BALB/c mice. More numerous CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, myeloid DCs, proinflammatory macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+CD11+ and F4/80+IL-1β+) and CD11b+Ly6Chigh monocytes and higher levels of proinflammatory IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ were present in liver in HFD-fed C57Bl/6 mice compared with diet-matched BALB/c mice. As opposed to C57Bl/6 mice, HFD induced marked liver steatosis and upregulated the hepatic LXRα and PPARγ genes in BALB/c mice. C57Bl/6 mice fed HFD developed liver fibrosis and increased hepatic procollagen and TGF-β mRNA expression, and IL-33, IL-13 and TGF-β levels in liver homogenates, while BALB/c mice fed HFD had scarce collagen deposition in liver. The obtained results suggest inherent immunometabolic differences in C57Bl/6 and BALB/c mice. Moreover, HFD Th1-type mice on high fat diet regimen are more susceptible to adiposity, liver inflammation and fibrosis, while Th2-type mice to liver steatosis, which is associated with differential immune cell composition in metabolic tissues. Strain-dependent differences in immunometabolic phenotype may be relevant for studies of obesity-associated metabolic diseases in humans.","authors":[{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"11814723","authorName":"Nemanja Jovicic","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"nemanja-jovicic-Ja34XE","family":"Jovicic","given":"Nemanja"},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"11217656","authorName":"Ilija Jeftic","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"ilija-jeftic-0a6VzP","family":"Jeftic","given":"Ilija"},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"8132872","authorName":"Ivan Jovanovic","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"ivan-jovanovic-wb0zdL","family":"Jovanovic","given":"Ivan"},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"81803378","authorName":"Ivan Jovanović","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"ivan-jovanovic-OeRb04","family":"Jovanović","given":"Ivan"},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"7345090","authorName":"Gordana Radosavljevic","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"gordana-radosavljevic-9O90P2","family":"Radosavljevic","given":"Gordana"},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"7855593","authorName":"Nebojsa Arsenijevic","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"nebojsa-arsenijevic-ANxZXZ","family":"Arsenijevic","given":"Nebojsa"},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"6059854","authorName":"Miodrag L. Lukic","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"miodrag-l-lukic-685gnX","family":"Lukic","given":"Miodrag L."},{"affiliation":"University of Kragujevac","affiliationID":"22460","affiliationSlug":"university-of-kragujevac-QWPM","authorID":"7904963","authorName":"Nada Pejnovic","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"nada-pejnovic-DxmP2p","family":"Pejnovic","given":"Nada"}],"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0134089","editorialNotices":[],"id":114840636,"issns":["1932-6203"],"issue":"7","journal":"Plos One","journalSlug":"lZbEk","keywords":["Research Article"],"memberId":340,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"e0134089","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","retracted":false,"shortJournal":"PLoS ONE","slug":"differential-immunometabolic-phenotype-in-th1-lJkWKb","title":"Differential Immunometabolic Phenotype in Th1 and Th2 Dominant Mouse Strains in Response to High-Fat Feeding","type":"journal-article","volume":"10","year":2015},"10.1530/joe-16-0229":{"abstract":"Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in white adipose tissue (WAT) promotes WAT browning and assists in preventing the development of obesity. However, how ILC2 in adipose tissue is regulated remains largely unknown. Here, our present study shows that ILC2s are present in brown adipose tissue (BAT) as well as subcutaneous and epididymal WAT (sWAT and eWAT). The fractions of ILC2s, Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and eosinophils in sWAT, eWAT and BAT are significantly decreased by high fat diet (HFD) feeding and leptin deficiency-induced obesity. Consistent with this, the adipose expression and circulating levels of IL-33, a key inducing cytokine of ILC2 are significantly downregulated by obesity. Furthermore, administration of IL-33 markedly increases the fraction of ILC2 and eosinophil as well as expression of UCP1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, in adipose tissue of HFD-fed mice. On the other hand, cold exposure induces the expression levels of IL-33 and UCP1 and the population of ILC2 and eosinophil in sWAT, and these promoting effects of cold stress are reversed by neutralization of IL-33 signaling in vivo. Moreover, the basal and cold-induced IL-33 and ILC2/eosinophil pathways are significantly suppressed by sympathetic denervation via local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in sWAT. Taken together, our data suggests that the ILC2/eosinophil axis in adipose tissue is regulated by sympathetic nervous system and obesity in IL-33-dependent manner, and IL-33-driven ILC2/eosinophil axis are implicated in the development of obesity.","authors":[{"affiliation":"Hunan Normal University","affiliationID":"14267","affiliationSlug":"hunan-normal-university-Jn2G","authorID":"20857129","authorName":"Xiaofeng Ding","authorSequenceNumber":1,"authorSlug":"xiaofeng-ding-rQzwdO","family":"Ding","given":"Xiaofeng"},{"affiliation":"Central South University","affiliationID":"26050","affiliationSlug":"central-south-university-zdvb","authorID":"84945490","authorName":"Yan Luo","authorSequenceNumber":2,"authorSlug":"yan-luo-9k1n5E","family":"Luo","given":"Yan"},{"authorID":"103107960","authorName":"Xing Zhang","authorSequenceNumber":3,"authorSlug":"xing-zhang-Qlp0a9","family":"Zhang","given":"Xing"},{"authorID":"61202478","authorName":"Handong Zheng","authorSequenceNumber":4,"authorSlug":"handong-zheng-OdOzp6","family":"Zheng","given":"Handong"},{"authorID":"149529729","authorName":"Xin Yang","authorSequenceNumber":5,"authorSlug":"xin-yang-r55Xv4","family":"Yang","given":"Xin"},{"authorID":"14741551","authorName":"Xuexian O. Yang","authorSequenceNumber":6,"authorSlug":"xuexian-o-yang-YDngGP","family":"Yang","given":"Xuexian O."},{"affiliation":"Central South University","affiliationID":"26050","affiliationSlug":"central-south-university-zdvb","authorID":"14791762","authorName":"Meilian Liu","authorSequenceNumber":7,"authorSlug":"meilian-liu-dK4QJG","family":"Liu","given":"Meilian"}],"doi":"10.1530/joe-16-0229","editorialNotices":[],"id":117609312,"issns":["0022-0795","1479-6805"],"issue":"1","journal":"Journal of Endocrinology","journalSlug":"r6v4w","keywords":["Article"],"memberId":416,"normalizedTypes":["article"],"page":"35-48","preprintLinks":[],"publicationLinks":[],"publisher":"Bioscientifica","retracted":false,"slug":"il-33-driven-ilc2-eosinophil-axis-in-fat-0Yeywr","title":"IL-33-driven ILC2/eosinophil axis in fat is induced by sympathetic tone and suppressed by obesity","type":"journal-article","volume":"231","year":2016}},"result":{"citations":[{"refLocation":"b13/1","snippet":"Adipose tissue regulates energy homeostasis through the storage of excess calories and the secretion of adipocyte-derived secretory proteins such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin 10,11 . However, excessive caloric Published: xx xx xxxx OPEN www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 2 SCIentIfIC REPORTS | (2018) 8:9894 | intake induces the overexpansion of adipocytes, which results in inflammatory responses within adipose tissue 12 .Obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with an excessive infiltration of immune cells and chronic inflammation in adipose tissue 13,14 .Here, we used eosinophil-deficient ∆dblGATA and wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the roles of eosinophils in obesity, adipose tissue maturation, and associated metabolic responses. We performed whole-genome RNA sequencing of the small intestinal tract, which suggested the presence of a defective lipid metabolism in the absence of eosinophils.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322"},{"refLocation":"b14/1","snippet":"Adipose tissue regulates energy homeostasis through the storage of excess calories and the secretion of adipocyte-derived secretory proteins such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin 10,11 . However, excessive caloric Published: xx xx xxxx OPEN www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 2 SCIentIfIC REPORTS | (2018) 8:9894 | intake induces the overexpansion of adipocytes, which results in inflammatory responses within adipose tissue 12 .Obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with an excessive infiltration of immune cells and chronic inflammation in adipose tissue 13,14 .Here, we used eosinophil-deficient ∆dblGATA and wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the roles of eosinophils in obesity, adipose tissue maturation, and associated metabolic responses. We performed whole-genome RNA sequencing of the small intestinal tract, which suggested the presence of a defective lipid metabolism in the absence of eosinophils.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/nature05483"},{"refLocation":"b13/2","snippet":"Obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with an excessive infiltration of immune cells and chronic inflammation in adipose tissue 13,14 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322"},{"refLocation":"b14/2","snippet":"Obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with an excessive infiltration of immune cells and chronic inflammation in adipose tissue 13,14 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/nature05483"},{"refLocation":"b15/1","snippet":"S1). Of note, genes associated with lipid metabolism, such as Retnlg, Alox15, and Drd2 [15][16][17] were included in the top 10 downregulated genes (Table S1). Additionally, a GO analysis of the downregulated genes and visualization of a functionally grouped network using the ClueGO plugin 18 suggested a defect in lipase activity (Table S3 and Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/oby.2009.192"},{"refLocation":"b16/1","snippet":"S1). Of note, genes associated with lipid metabolism, such as Retnlg, Alox15, and Drd2 [15][16][17] were included in the top 10 downregulated genes (Table S1). Additionally, a GO analysis of the downregulated genes and visualization of a functionally grouped network using the ClueGO plugin 18 suggested a defect in lipase activity (Table S3 and Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1006/bmmb.1993.1059"},{"refLocation":"b17/1","snippet":"S1). Of note, genes associated with lipid metabolism, such as Retnlg, Alox15, and Drd2 [15][16][17] were included in the top 10 downregulated genes (Table S1). Additionally, a GO analysis of the downregulated genes and visualization of a functionally grouped network using the ClueGO plugin 18 suggested a defect in lipase activity (Table S3 and Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1007/s00125-005-1735-1"},{"refLocation":"b18/1","snippet":"Of note, genes associated with lipid metabolism, such as Retnlg, Alox15, and Drd2 [15][16][17] were included in the top 10 downregulated genes (Table S1). Additionally, a GO analysis of the downregulated genes and visualization of a functionally grouped network using the ClueGO plugin 18 suggested a defect in lipase activity (Table S3 and Fig. S2) and a significant decrease in the expression of Lpl was observed ( Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101"},{"refLocation":"b10/1","snippet":"Eosinophil-deficient mice gained less weight and perigonadal fat mass and displayed impaired glucose tolerance on a HFD. Excess caloric intake induces expansion of fat mass and accelerates development of insulin resistance 10 . To further examine the role of eosinophils in adipose tissue expansion and energy homeostasis, we fed 8-10-week-old male WT and ΔdblGATA mice with a HFD for 12 weeks and monitored their body weights weekly.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci31021"},{"refLocation":"b19/1","snippet":"Eosinophil-deficient mice showed an impaired maturation of perigonadal adipocytes on a HFD. The inability of adipose tissue to expand to accommodate excess calories causes systemic insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia 19 . As we observed an impaired WAT development in HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice, which showed glucose intolerance, we examined whether eosinophils are required for adipocyte maturation in diet-induced obesity.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci7901"},{"refLocation":"b20/1","snippet":"Adipocytes support the migration and survival of eosinophils. Since eosinophils are resident cells in the adipose tissue 20 and ΔdblGATA mice showed an impairment of adipocyte maturation, we questioned whether adipocytes support the migration or survival of eosinophils. Eosinophils migrate in a manner dependent on CCL11 and its receptor, CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 3 2,21 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4"},{"refLocation":"b22/1","snippet":"The perigonadal adipose tissue of eosinophil-deficient mice showed an increased inflammatory response. Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci19246"},{"refLocation":"b23/1","snippet":"The perigonadal adipose tissue of eosinophil-deficient mice showed an increased inflammatory response. Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.010"},{"refLocation":"b24/1","snippet":"The perigonadal adipose tissue of eosinophil-deficient mice showed an increased inflammatory response. Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/nm.1964"},{"refLocation":"b25/1","snippet":"The perigonadal adipose tissue of eosinophil-deficient mice showed an increased inflammatory response. Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/nm.2353"},{"refLocation":"b26/1","snippet":"The perigonadal adipose tissue of eosinophil-deficient mice showed an increased inflammatory response. Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1194/jlr.m800132-jlr200"},{"refLocation":"b27/1","snippet":"Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 . The total numbers of cells isolated from the perigonadal WAT of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA and WT mice were not significantly different (p = 0.1263, data not shown).","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1074/jbc.m109.061655"},{"refLocation":"b28/1","snippet":"Excess calorie intake results in chronic inflammation in adipose tissue involving an infiltration of various immune cells [22][23][24][25][26] . In obesity, the infiltrated immune cells promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that inhibit adipogenesis and insulin signalling 27,28 . The total numbers of cells isolated from the perigonadal WAT of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA and WT mice were not significantly different (p = 0.1263, data not shown).","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/ncb942"},{"refLocation":"b29/1","section":"The cytokine expression profile in the perigonadal adipose t...","snippet":"Eosinophil-deficient mice showed lipid accumulation in the liver. Excessive lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues such as the liver, muscle, and pancreas is closely associated with insulin resistance 29 . Given that lipids tend to be stored ectopically in the absence of functional adipocytes 30 , we hypothesized that eosinophil deficiency would influence the development of ectopic fat accumulation.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1007/s11892-008-0032-z"},{"refLocation":"b30/1","section":"The cytokine expression profile in the perigonadal adipose t...","snippet":"Excessive lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues such as the liver, muscle, and pancreas is closely associated with insulin resistance 29 . Given that lipids tend to be stored ectopically in the absence of functional adipocytes 30 , we hypothesized that eosinophil deficiency would influence the development of ectopic fat accumulation. The livers of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice exhibited a paler colour and more prominent lipid deposits than those of WT mice (Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057"},{"refLocation":"b31/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Although eosinophils have been characterized as destructive effector cells that mediate tissue damage during helminth infections and allergic diseases, they are found in various tissues under resting conditions without having obvious pro-inflammatory activities 31,32 . Accumulating evidence has indicated that tissue-resident eosinophils regulate biological processes that are not restricted to Th2 immune responses.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci85664"},{"refLocation":"b32/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Although eosinophils have been characterized as destructive effector cells that mediate tissue damage during helminth infections and allergic diseases, they are found in various tissues under resting conditions without having obvious pro-inflammatory activities 31,32 . Accumulating evidence has indicated that tissue-resident eosinophils regulate biological processes that are not restricted to Th2 immune responses.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/mi.2014.123"},{"refLocation":"b33/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Accumulating evidence has indicated that tissue-resident eosinophils regulate biological processes that are not restricted to Th2 immune responses. Eosinophils in adipose tissue promote the accumulation of alternatively activated macrophages, which protect against insulin resistance induced by obesity-associated changes such as the activation of innate immune activity, alterations in fatty acid uptake, lipogenesis, and energy expenditure that can impact ectopic lipid deposition 33 . Obesity itself does not necessarily induce insulin resistance and primarily results from adipocytes expanding to buffer against excess nutrient uptake 9 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017"},{"refLocation":"b4/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"These cytokines provide signals that promote the permissive proliferation and differentiation of eosinophils 2,3 . These findings contrast with previous observations that suggested an inverse correlation between the abundance of eosinophils in adipose tissue and adiposity 5,34,35 . The reasons for this difference are unclear, but mouse strains vary in their immunometabolic phenotypes 36 , as evidenced by the difference between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in their immune cell profiles with a HFD 37 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1126/science.1201475"},{"refLocation":"b34/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"These cytokines provide signals that promote the permissive proliferation and differentiation of eosinophils 2,3 . These findings contrast with previous observations that suggested an inverse correlation between the abundance of eosinophils in adipose tissue and adiposity 5,34,35 . The reasons for this difference are unclear, but mouse strains vary in their immunometabolic phenotypes 36 , as evidenced by the difference between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in their immune cell profiles with a HFD 37 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.004"},{"refLocation":"b35/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"These cytokines provide signals that promote the permissive proliferation and differentiation of eosinophils 2,3 . These findings contrast with previous observations that suggested an inverse correlation between the abundance of eosinophils in adipose tissue and adiposity 5,34,35 . The reasons for this difference are unclear, but mouse strains vary in their immunometabolic phenotypes 36 , as evidenced by the difference between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in their immune cell profiles with a HFD 37 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1530/joe-16-0229"},{"refLocation":"b36/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"These findings contrast with previous observations that suggested an inverse correlation between the abundance of eosinophils in adipose tissue and adiposity 5,34,35 . The reasons for this difference are unclear, but mouse strains vary in their immunometabolic phenotypes 36 , as evidenced by the difference between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in their immune cell profiles with a HFD 37 . In line with this, chow diet-fed male C57BL/6 mice showed significantly more eosinophils in the perigonadal adipose tissue than BALB/c mice, while showing fewer eosinophils in the small intestine ( Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1007/s00125-013-2846-8"},{"refLocation":"b37/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"These findings contrast with previous observations that suggested an inverse correlation between the abundance of eosinophils in adipose tissue and adiposity 5,34,35 . The reasons for this difference are unclear, but mouse strains vary in their immunometabolic phenotypes 36 , as evidenced by the difference between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in their immune cell profiles with a HFD 37 . In line with this, chow diet-fed male C57BL/6 mice showed significantly more eosinophils in the perigonadal adipose tissue than BALB/c mice, while showing fewer eosinophils in the small intestine ( Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1371/journal.pone.0134089"},{"refLocation":"b38/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"S13). There are likely differences in microbiota, and thus endotoxin exposure may explain the weight difference between results of previous reports and those of our study, as exposure to microbial endotoxins may alter eosinophil maturation and activities 38 . Considering that our results are consistent with previous reports indicating eosinophils role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis 4,5,35 , we propose that differences in mice strain and cohort might account for the divergence on eosinophil abundance in the adipose tissue between this study and previous observations.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007"},{"refLocation":"b3/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"There are likely differences in microbiota, and thus endotoxin exposure may explain the weight difference between results of previous reports and those of our study, as exposure to microbial endotoxins may alter eosinophil maturation and activities 38 . Considering that our results are consistent with previous reports indicating eosinophils role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis 4,5,35 , we propose that differences in mice strain and cohort might account for the divergence on eosinophil abundance in the adipose tissue between this study and previous observations.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.066"},{"refLocation":"b4/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"There are likely differences in microbiota, and thus endotoxin exposure may explain the weight difference between results of previous reports and those of our study, as exposure to microbial endotoxins may alter eosinophil maturation and activities 38 . Considering that our results are consistent with previous reports indicating eosinophils role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis 4,5,35 , we propose that differences in mice strain and cohort might account for the divergence on eosinophil abundance in the adipose tissue between this study and previous observations.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1126/science.1201475"},{"refLocation":"b35/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"There are likely differences in microbiota, and thus endotoxin exposure may explain the weight difference between results of previous reports and those of our study, as exposure to microbial endotoxins may alter eosinophil maturation and activities 38 . Considering that our results are consistent with previous reports indicating eosinophils role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis 4,5,35 , we propose that differences in mice strain and cohort might account for the divergence on eosinophil abundance in the adipose tissue between this study and previous observations.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1530/joe-16-0229"},{"refLocation":"b8/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"The fat cells of adipose tissue are the only cells in the body that are designed to safely contain large amounts of fat 9 . Therefore, the impaired development of perigonadal adipose tissue observed in HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice may lead to the accumulation of lipid outside adipose tissue.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1"},{"refLocation":"b33/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Therefore, the impaired development of perigonadal adipose tissue observed in HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice may lead to the accumulation of lipid outside adipose tissue. The excessive accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues is closely associated with insulin resistance 33 , and we propose that ectopic fat accumulation in HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice might account for their glucose intolerance. Although increased visceral adiposity has been implicated in hepatic insulin resistance, patients with severe lipodystrophy, as well as a mouse model of lipoatrophy, manifest insulin resistance associated with lipid deposition in the liver 39,40 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017"},{"refLocation":"b39/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"The excessive accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues is closely associated with insulin resistance 33 , and we propose that ectopic fat accumulation in HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice might account for their glucose intolerance. Although increased visceral adiposity has been implicated in hepatic insulin resistance, patients with severe lipodystrophy, as well as a mouse model of lipoatrophy, manifest insulin resistance associated with lipid deposition in the liver 39,40 . The significant decrease in the expression of Pparg, which encodes a transcription factor involved in adipocyte differentiation, and genes associated with lipid droplet formation (Cav1, Cav2, Cd36, and Cidec) in the perigonadal WAT of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice ( Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci15001"},{"refLocation":"b40/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"The excessive accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues is closely associated with insulin resistance 33 , and we propose that ectopic fat accumulation in HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice might account for their glucose intolerance. Although increased visceral adiposity has been implicated in hepatic insulin resistance, patients with severe lipodystrophy, as well as a mouse model of lipoatrophy, manifest insulin resistance associated with lipid deposition in the liver 39,40 . The significant decrease in the expression of Pparg, which encodes a transcription factor involved in adipocyte differentiation, and genes associated with lipid droplet formation (Cav1, Cav2, Cd36, and Cidec) in the perigonadal WAT of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice ( Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1074/jbc.275.12.8456"},{"refLocation":"b41/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"3) suggests insufficient lipid storage in adipose tissue in the absence of eosinophils. Concordantly, the expression of Lpl, Slc2a4, and Adipoq, which are regulated by Pparg and involved in glucose homeostasis 41 , significantly decreased in the perigonadal adipose tissue of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice (Fig. 3).","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1074/jbc.m114.628487"},{"refLocation":"b28/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"We suggest that an altered immune environment in the perigonadal fat of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA accounts for the decreased expression of adipogenic genes. The exposure of preadipocytes to pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibits adipogenesis by reducing the expression of Pparg and inhibiting the adipogenic action of insulin 28 . Th1 cytokines, including IFN-γ, can inhibit insulin signalling and lipid droplet formation 27,42 , while Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, can suppress inflammatory responses in adipose tissue 43 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/ncb942"},{"refLocation":"b27/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"The exposure of preadipocytes to pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibits adipogenesis by reducing the expression of Pparg and inhibiting the adipogenic action of insulin 28 . Th1 cytokines, including IFN-γ, can inhibit insulin signalling and lipid droplet formation 27,42 , while Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, can suppress inflammatory responses in adipose tissue 43 . The increased expression of Ifng and decreased expression of Il4 and Il13 in the perigonadal fat of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice imply that the microenvironments of the WAT of these mice are unfavourable for adipocyte maturation.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1074/jbc.m109.061655"},{"refLocation":"b42/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"The exposure of preadipocytes to pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibits adipogenesis by reducing the expression of Pparg and inhibiting the adipogenic action of insulin 28 . Th1 cytokines, including IFN-γ, can inhibit insulin signalling and lipid droplet formation 27,42 , while Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, can suppress inflammatory responses in adipose tissue 43 . The increased expression of Ifng and decreased expression of Il4 and Il13 in the perigonadal fat of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice imply that the microenvironments of the WAT of these mice are unfavourable for adipocyte maturation.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1194/jlr.m008771"},{"refLocation":"b43/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"The exposure of preadipocytes to pro-inflammatory cytokines inhibits adipogenesis by reducing the expression of Pparg and inhibiting the adipogenic action of insulin 28 . Th1 cytokines, including IFN-γ, can inhibit insulin signalling and lipid droplet formation 27,42 , while Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, can suppress inflammatory responses in adipose tissue 43 . The increased expression of Ifng and decreased expression of Il4 and Il13 in the perigonadal fat of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice imply that the microenvironments of the WAT of these mice are unfavourable for adipocyte maturation.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/nri2921"},{"refLocation":"b22/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Obesity is associated with an increased infiltration of macrophages, preferentially the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, into adipose tissue 22 , and IL-4 produced by adipose tissue eosinophils supports the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages 5 . In agreement this with this idea, conditioned media (CM) collected from eosinophilic cell line EoL-1 cells or CM from palmitic-acid stimulated EoL-1 cells promoted M2-polarization of monocytic THP-1 cells (Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci19246"},{"refLocation":"b4/3","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Obesity is associated with an increased infiltration of macrophages, preferentially the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, into adipose tissue 22 , and IL-4 produced by adipose tissue eosinophils supports the polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages 5 . In agreement this with this idea, conditioned media (CM) collected from eosinophilic cell line EoL-1 cells or CM from palmitic-acid stimulated EoL-1 cells promoted M2-polarization of monocytic THP-1 cells (Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1126/science.1201475"},{"refLocation":"b44/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"5). Given that hypoxia induces macrophage proliferation and polarization towards the M2 phenotype 44,45 , it is plausible that hypoxia determined the composition of macrophages in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice. The significantly elevated concentration of lactate in the perigonadal WAT of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice also supports this idea (Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1002/ijc.21422"},{"refLocation":"b45/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"5). Given that hypoxia induces macrophage proliferation and polarization towards the M2 phenotype 44,45 , it is plausible that hypoxia determined the composition of macrophages in the adipose tissue of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice. The significantly elevated concentration of lactate in the perigonadal WAT of HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice also supports this idea (Fig.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1080/2162402x.2015.1056442"},{"refLocation":"b46/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Although adipose tissue is rich in stem cells that can differentiate into fat cells to contain excess energy 46 , the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of adipose tissue induced by obesity is associated with the inhibition of adipocyte maturation and increased adipocyte death 10,12 . Our data demonstrate that adipocytes provide signals to promote eosinophil migration and survival, and that eosinophils support adipocyte maturation and protect adipose tissue against inflammatory changes.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0105"},{"refLocation":"b10/2","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Although adipose tissue is rich in stem cells that can differentiate into fat cells to contain excess energy 46 , the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of adipose tissue induced by obesity is associated with the inhibition of adipocyte maturation and increased adipocyte death 10,12 . Our data demonstrate that adipocytes provide signals to promote eosinophil migration and survival, and that eosinophils support adipocyte maturation and protect adipose tissue against inflammatory changes.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1172/jci31021"},{"refLocation":"b12/1","section":"Discussion","snippet":"Although adipose tissue is rich in stem cells that can differentiate into fat cells to contain excess energy 46 , the pro-inflammatory microenvironment of adipose tissue induced by obesity is associated with the inhibition of adipocyte maturation and increased adipocyte death 10,12 . Our data demonstrate that adipocytes provide signals to promote eosinophil migration and survival, and that eosinophils support adipocyte maturation and protect adipose tissue against inflammatory changes.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/ijo.2008.229"},{"refLocation":"b47/1","section":"Method","snippet":"RNA isolated from the small intestine of 8-10-week-old WT (n = 4) and ∆dblGATA mice (n = 4) was subjected to RNA sequencing at the Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center sequencing core. Sequencing data were demultiplexed and reads were mapped to the mm10 mouse genome reference using TopHat 47 . The total number of mapped reads per transcript was determined and the data were normalized to detect the number of fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped (FPKM) using Cufflinks 48 .","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120"},{"refLocation":"b48/1","section":"Method","snippet":"Sequencing data were demultiplexed and reads were mapped to the mm10 mouse genome reference using TopHat 47 . The total number of mapped reads per transcript was determined and the data were normalized to detect the number of fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped (FPKM) using Cufflinks 48 . An FPKM >0.1 in at least 1 of the analysed samples was used to filter for potentially significant gene expression.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/nbt.1621"},{"refLocation":"b50/1","section":"Method","snippet":"Insulin (0.75 U/kg) or saline was infused into the liver via the portal vein. Five minutes after infusion, liver, perigonadal fat, and skeletal muscle were quickly excised and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen 50 . At sacrifice, all mice were weighed and the livers and perigonadal fat were removed and weighed.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1002/hep.26015"},{"refLocation":"b50/2","section":"Method","snippet":"Total protein extraction and western blot analysis. The tissue lysates were prepared in ice-cold tissue lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5; 150 mM NaCl; 1% Nonidet P-40; 0.5% sodium deoxycholate; 0.1% SDS) containing 50 mM NaF, 2 mM Na 3 VO 4 , protease inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and phosphatase inhibitors (Sigma-Aldrich) and total protein was extracted as previously described 50 . Samples from tissue lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane.","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1002/hep.26015"},{"refLocation":"b20/2","section":"Isolation of eosinophils.","snippet":"Eosinophils were isolated from the peritoneal cavity of CD3-IL-5 transgenic mice as described 20 and used for chemotaxis assay and co-culture with adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Total cells were extracted and subjected to lymphocyte depletion using a MACS ® system with antibodies against CD90.2 and CD45R (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn, CA, USA).","source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4","target":"10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4"}],"filetype":"pdf","metadata":{"abstract":"Accumulating data have indicated a fundamental role of eosinophils in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis. Here, we performed whole-genome RNA sequencing of the small intestinal tract, which suggested the presence of impaired lipid metabolism in eosinophil-deficient ΔdblGATA mice. ΔdblGATA mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) showed reduced body fat mass, impaired enlargement of adipocytes, decreased expression of adipogenic genes, and developed glucose intolerance. HFD induced accumulation of eosinophils in the perigonadal white adipose tissue. Concordantly, adipocytedifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells promoted the migration of eosinophils through the expression of CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and likely promoted their survival through the expression of interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice showed increased infiltration of macrophages, CD4 + T-cells, and B-cells, increased expression of interferon-γ, and decreased expression of IL-4 and IL-13 in white adipose tissue. Interferon-γ treatment significantly decreased lipid deposition in adipocyte-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, while IL-4 treatment promoted lipid accumulation. Notably, HFD-fed ΔdblGATA mice showed increased lipid storage in the liver as compared with wild-type mice. We propose that obesity promotes the infiltration of eosinophils into adipose tissue that subsequently contribute to the metabolic homeostasis by promoting adipocyte maturation.Eosinophils have been considered as destructive cells involved in T helper cell type (Th) 2 immune responses in parasitic infections or allergic diseases 1 . However, accumulating evidence has indicated additional roles for eosinophils. For example, eosinophils reside in several organs including the gastrointestinal tract 2,3 and adipose tissue and contribute to metabolic homeostasis 4,5 . Adipose tissue eosinophils secrete interleukin (IL)-4 and induce the polarization of white adipose tissue (WAT) macrophages into alternatively-activated macrophages, which support glucose tolerance by regulating local catecholamine stores in the microenvironment through the import of catecholamines produced by nerve cells 4,6,7 . Despite recent advances, the roles of eosinophils in the adipose tissue and their effects on adipocyte function remain incompletely understood.Obesity and its associated metabolic disorders are serious health problems worldwide 8 . However, obesity is not necessarily an adverse metabolic condition when the excess fat is stored in adipose tissue that responds to insulin 9 . Adipose tissue regulates energy homeostasis through the storage of excess calories and the secretion of adipocyte-derived secretory proteins such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin 10,11 . However, excessive caloric Published: xx xx xxxx OPEN www.nature.com/scientificreports/ 2 SCIentIfIC REPORTS | (2018) 8:9894 | intake induces the overexpansion of adipocytes, which results in inflammatory responses within adipose tissue 12 .Obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions are associated with an excessiv...","authors":[{"family":"Lee","given":"Eun-Hui"},{"family":"Itan","given":"Michal"},{"family":"Jang","given":"Jinsun"},{"family":"Gu","given":"Hyeon-Jung"},{"family":"Rozenberg","given":"Perri"},{"family":"Mingler","given":"Melissa"},{"family":"Wen","given":"Ting"},{"family":"Yoon","given":"Jiyoung"},{"family":"Park","given":"Shi-Young"},{"family":"Roh","given":"Joo"},{"family":"Choi","given":"Soo"},{"family":"Park","given":"Woo-Jae"},{"family":"Munitz","given":"Ariel"},{"family":"Jung","given":"Yunjae"}],"keywords":[],"title":"Eosinophils support adipocyte maturation and promote glucose tolerance in obesity OPEN"},"source":"10.1038/s41598-018-28371-4"},"status":"SUCCESS","tallies":{"10.1002/hep.26015":{"citingPublications":125,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1002/hep.26015","mentioning":126,"supporting":9,"total":136,"unclassified":0},"10.1002/ijc.21422":{"citingPublications":165,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1002/ijc.21422","mentioning":132,"supporting":0,"total":136,"unclassified":3},"10.1006/bmmb.1993.1059":{"citingPublications":117,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1006/bmmb.1993.1059","mentioning":56,"supporting":2,"total":58,"unclassified":0},"10.1007/s00125-005-1735-1":{"citingPublications":38,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1007/s00125-005-1735-1","mentioning":38,"supporting":1,"total":41,"unclassified":2},"10.1007/s00125-013-2846-8":{"citingPublications":285,"contradicting":2,"doi":"10.1007/s00125-013-2846-8","mentioning":234,"supporting":36,"total":278,"unclassified":6},"10.1007/s11892-008-0032-z":{"citingPublications":74,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1007/s11892-008-0032-z","mentioning":53,"supporting":0,"total":53,"unclassified":0},"10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017":{"citingPublications":1527,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017","mentioning":1352,"supporting":35,"total":1406,"unclassified":18},"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.066":{"citingPublications":640,"contradicting":7,"doi":"10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.066","mentioning":634,"supporting":23,"total":672,"unclassified":8},"10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007":{"citingPublications":90,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.007","mentioning":100,"supporting":4,"total":106,"unclassified":1},"10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.004":{"citingPublications":40,"contradicting":2,"doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.004","mentioning":30,"supporting":2,"total":34,"unclassified":0},"10.1038/ijo.2008.229":{"citingPublications":421,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1038/ijo.2008.229","mentioning":347,"supporting":6,"total":366,"unclassified":13},"10.1038/mi.2014.123":{"citingPublications":127,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1038/mi.2014.123","mentioning":164,"supporting":8,"total":176,"unclassified":4},"10.1038/nature05483":{"citingPublications":1670,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1038/nature05483","mentioning":1404,"supporting":20,"total":1449,"unclassified":24},"10.1038/nbt.1621":{"citingPublications":11632,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1038/nbt.1621","mentioning":10800,"supporting":42,"total":10875,"unclassified":32},"10.1038/ncb942":{"citingPublications":261,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1038/ncb942","mentioning":189,"supporting":13,"total":206,"unclassified":3},"10.1038/nm.1964":{"citingPublications":1706,"contradicting":12,"doi":"10.1038/nm.1964","mentioning":1760,"supporting":94,"total":1884,"unclassified":18},"10.1038/nm.2353":{"citingPublications":764,"contradicting":7,"doi":"10.1038/nm.2353","mentioning":986,"supporting":50,"total":1054,"unclassified":11},"10.1038/nri2921":{"citingPublications":2977,"contradicting":5,"doi":"10.1038/nri2921","mentioning":2747,"supporting":62,"total":2923,"unclassified":109},"10.1038/oby.2009.192":{"citingPublications":115,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1038/oby.2009.192","mentioning":130,"supporting":5,"total":136,"unclassified":1},"10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4":{"citingPublications":18,"contradicting":2,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-017-06397-4","mentioning":23,"supporting":0,"total":25,"unclassified":0},"10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.010":{"citingPublications":200,"contradicting":3,"doi":"10.1053/j.gastro.2013.04.010","mentioning":185,"supporting":13,"total":208,"unclassified":7},"10.1074/jbc.275.12.8456":{"citingPublications":387,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1074/jbc.275.12.8456","mentioning":278,"supporting":19,"total":305,"unclassified":7},"10.1074/jbc.m109.061655":{"citingPublications":185,"contradicting":2,"doi":"10.1074/jbc.m109.061655","mentioning":163,"supporting":6,"total":171,"unclassified":0},"10.1074/jbc.m114.628487":{"citingPublications":39,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1074/jbc.m114.628487","mentioning":29,"supporting":0,"total":29,"unclassified":0},"10.1080/2162402x.2015.1056442":{"citingPublications":69,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1080/2162402x.2015.1056442","mentioning":66,"supporting":7,"total":73,"unclassified":0},"10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0105":{"citingPublications":5519,"contradicting":12,"doi":"10.1091/mbc.e02-02-0105","mentioning":4308,"supporting":140,"total":4586,"unclassified":126},"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101":{"citingPublications":4038,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101","mentioning":3546,"supporting":8,"total":3564,"unclassified":10},"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120":{"citingPublications":10003,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btp120","mentioning":8338,"supporting":8,"total":8389,"unclassified":43},"10.1126/science.1201475":{"citingPublications":1030,"contradicting":3,"doi":"10.1126/science.1201475","mentioning":1187,"supporting":45,"total":1244,"unclassified":9},"10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322":{"citingPublications":2687,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322","mentioning":2330,"supporting":61,"total":2451,"unclassified":59},"10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057":{"citingPublications":844,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.104057","mentioning":609,"supporting":14,"total":655,"unclassified":32},"10.1172/jci15001":{"citingPublications":432,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1172/jci15001","mentioning":95,"supporting":6,"total":102,"unclassified":0},"10.1172/jci19246":{"citingPublications":5786,"contradicting":20,"doi":"10.1172/jci19246","mentioning":4804,"supporting":160,"total":5100,"unclassified":116},"10.1172/jci31021":{"citingPublications":1058,"contradicting":3,"doi":"10.1172/jci31021","mentioning":925,"supporting":52,"total":1011,"unclassified":31},"10.1172/jci7901":{"citingPublications":555,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1172/jci7901","mentioning":378,"supporting":13,"total":400,"unclassified":8},"10.1172/jci85664":{"citingPublications":268,"contradicting":4,"doi":"10.1172/jci85664","mentioning":356,"supporting":28,"total":394,"unclassified":6},"10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1":{"citingPublications":296,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1186/s12944-015-0123-1","mentioning":237,"supporting":4,"total":246,"unclassified":5},"10.1194/jlr.m008771":{"citingPublications":57,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1194/jlr.m008771","mentioning":50,"supporting":4,"total":55,"unclassified":1},"10.1194/jlr.m800132-jlr200":{"citingPublications":349,"contradicting":0,"doi":"10.1194/jlr.m800132-jlr200","mentioning":296,"supporting":19,"total":317,"unclassified":2},"10.1371/journal.pone.0134089":{"citingPublications":69,"contradicting":1,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0134089","mentioning":46,"supporting":5,"total":52,"unclassified":0},"10.1530/joe-16-0229":{"citingPublications":50,"contradicting":2,"doi":"10.1530/joe-16-0229","mentioning":46,"supporting":3,"total":51,"unclassified":0}}}},"TurnSchema-Input":{"properties":{"role":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Role"},"content":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Content"},"sections":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sections"},"structuredResponse":{"anyOf":[{"items":{},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Structuredresponse"},"references":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/sciteapi__models__assistant__ReferenceSchema"},"type":"array","title":"References"},"feedback":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FeedbackSchema"},{"type":"null"}]},"searchStrategy":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Searchstrategy"},"warning":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Warning"},"model":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Model"},"settings":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Settings"},"publicationsConsulted":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publicationsconsulted"},"columns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/StructuredColumn"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Columns"}},"type":"object","title":"TurnSchema"},"TurnSchema-Output":{"properties":{"role":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Role"},"content":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Content"},"sections":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Sections"},"structuredResponse":{"anyOf":[{"items":{},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Structuredresponse"},"references":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/sciteapi__models__assistant__ReferenceSchema-Output"},"type":"array","title":"References"},"feedback":{"anyOf":[{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/FeedbackSchema"},{"type":"null"}]},"searchStrategy":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Searchstrategy"},"warning":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Warning"},"model":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Model"},"settings":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Settings"},"publicationsConsulted":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Publicationsconsulted"},"columns":{"anyOf":[{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/StructuredColumn"},"type":"array"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Columns"}},"type":"object","title":"TurnSchema"},"TypeCounts":{"properties":{"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting"},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning"},"contradicting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contradicting"},"unclassified":{"type":"integer","title":"Unclassified"}},"type":"object","required":["supporting","mentioning","contradicting","unclassified"],"title":"TypeCounts","description":"Counts of citation types (supporting, mentioning, contradicting, unclassified)."},"ValidationError":{"properties":{"loc":{"items":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"integer"}]},"type":"array","title":"Location"},"msg":{"type":"string","title":"Message"},"type":{"type":"string","title":"Error Type"}},"type":"object","required":["loc","msg","type"],"title":"ValidationError"},"_AggregationBucketSchema":{"properties":{"key":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array"}],"title":"Key"},"docCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Doccount"},"metadata":{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object","title":"Metadata","default":{}}},"type":"object","required":["key","docCount"],"title":"_AggregationBucketSchema"},"_DateBucket":{"properties":{"docCount":{"type":"integer","title":"Doccount"},"total":{"type":"integer","title":"Total"},"supporting":{"type":"integer","title":"Supporting"},"contradicting":{"type":"integer","title":"Contradicting"},"mentioning":{"type":"integer","title":"Mentioning"},"unclassified":{"type":"integer","title":"Unclassified"},"date":{"type":"string","format":"date","title":"Date"}},"type":"object","required":["docCount","total","supporting","contradicting","mentioning","unclassified","date"],"title":"_DateBucket"},"sciteapi__models__assistant__ReferenceSchema":{"properties":{"answer":{"type":"string","title":"Answer"},"texts":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Texts"},"context":{"type":"string","title":"Context"},"title":{"type":"string","title":"Title"},"doi":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"},"link":{"type":"string","title":"Link"},"type":{"type":"string","title":"Type","default":"academic_paper"},"paper":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SearchResultSchemaWithDateStr-Input"},"patent":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patent"},"refCheckId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Refcheckid"},"included":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Included"},"reason":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reason"}},"type":"object","required":["answer","texts","context","title","doi","link","paper"],"title":"ReferenceSchema"},"sciteapi__models__assistant__ReferenceSchema-Output":{"properties":{"answer":{"type":"string","title":"Answer"},"texts":{"items":{"type":"string"},"type":"array","title":"Texts"},"context":{"type":"string","title":"Context"},"title":{"type":"string","title":"Title"},"doi":{"type":"string","title":"Doi"},"link":{"type":"string","title":"Link"},"type":{"type":"string","title":"Type","default":"academic_paper"},"paper":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SearchResultSchemaWithDateStr-Output"},"patent":{"anyOf":[{"additionalProperties":true,"type":"object"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Patent"},"refCheckId":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Refcheckid"},"included":{"anyOf":[{"type":"boolean"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Included"},"reason":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Reason"}},"type":"object","required":["answer","texts","context","title","doi","link","paper"],"title":"ReferenceSchema"},"sciteapi__models__reference__ReferenceSchema":{"properties":{"source":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Source"},"target":{"type":"string","title":"Target"},"createdAt":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Createdat"},"lastUpdated":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string","format":"date"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Lastupdated"},"selfCites":{"items":{"$ref":"#/components/schemas/SelfCiteSchema"},"type":"array","title":"Selfcites"},"dataSource":{"anyOf":[{"type":"string"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Datasource"},"citationStatementCount":{"anyOf":[{"type":"integer"},{"type":"null"}],"title":"Citationstatementcount","description":"Number of citation statements from source to this reference"}},"type":"object","required":["source","target"],"title":"ReferenceSchema"}},"securitySchemes":{"BearerAuth":{"type":"http","scheme":"bearer","bearerFormat":"JWT"}}},"tags":[{"name":"Search","description":"Search metadata and citation statements in scite. Using the Search API for commercial or research use requires a separate license agreement not covered by individual plans. Please email sales@scite.ai for more information."},{"name":"Assistant","description":"Interact with the scite Assistant, an AI-powered research assistant that retrieves relevant scientific literature and generates cited responses.\n\n## How It Works\n\nThe assistant API is asynchronous and operates in two steps:\n\n1. **Submit a request** via `POST /api_partner/assistant/poll` — returns a task ID\n2. **Poll for results** via `GET /api_partner/assistant/tasks/{task_id}` — returns progress or final result\n\nBoth endpoints require a Bearer token with the `assistant` scope:\n```\nAuthorization: Bearer \n```\n\n## Processing Pipeline\n\nWhen a request is submitted, the system:\n1. Determines whether references are needed (tool selection)\n2. Generates search queries from the user's question\n3. Executes searches against the scite Elasticsearch index\n4. Ranks and re-ranks results using a sentence transformer model\n5. Feeds the top results as context to an LLM to generate a cited response\n\n## Key Capabilities\n\n- **Search filtering** — filter by year range, topics, publication types, journals, citation sections, open access, abstracts-only or full-texts-only\n- **DOI scoping** — ask questions about specific papers by providing DOIs\n- **Collections** — scope queries to papers in your saved collections (dashboards)\n- **Structured/table responses** — get per-reference structured data instead of prose\n- **Patent search** — search patents only or mixed patent + academic results\n- **Multi-turn conversations** — maintain context across follow-up questions\n- **Multiple ranking modes** — rank by relevance, date, citations, supporting/contrasting citations, or journal rank\n- **Model selection** — choose from multiple OpenAI and Anthropic models"},{"name":"Collections","description":"Create, retrieve and remove collections (called Dashboards in the UI)."},{"name":"Papers","description":"Retrieve paper metadata by DOI.\n\nPaper metadata includes such fields as title, journal, detectededitorial notices and so on."},{"name":"References","description":"Retrieve references to and from publications by DOI.\n\nNote that these endpoints require an API token for usage."},{"name":"Tallies","description":"Retrieve scite smart citation tallies by DOI."},{"name":"Smart Citation Graph","description":"Retrieve citations at the in-text level between and from papers by DOI.\n\nFor example, given a DOI, get a list of citing DOIs including the section and classification of each citation statement.\n\nSnippets are not included in the response.\n\nNote that these endpoints are restricted without an API token."},{"name":"Evidence","description":"Search patents, clinical trials, and grants via the Resolute evidence datasets.\n\nRequires an API token with a per-dataset scope\n(`evidence:patents:api`, `evidence:grants:api`, `evidence:clinical-trials:api`).\nPlease email sales@scite.ai for access.\n\n## Query parameters\n\n### `q` — free-text query\n\nSupports boolean operators (`AND`, `OR`, `NOT`) and phrase matching with double quotes.\n\nExamples: `q=CRISPR`, `q=\"gene therapy\" AND cancer`, `q=diabetes NOT type+1`\n\n### `f` — field filters\n\nSpace-delimited filters in `field:\"value\"` format. **Values must be quoted** with double quotes.\nCall `GET /schema` for the full list of filterable fields per dataset.\n\n**Patent filters**: `patents.filingStatus` (`\"application\"`, `\"grant\"`), `patents.assignees.name`, `patents.inventors.name`, `patents.languages` (ISO 639-1, e.g. `\"en\"`)\n\n**Clinical trial filters**: `trialState.phase` (`\"Phase I\"` .. `\"Phase IV\"`, `\"N/A\"`), `trialState.overallStatus` (`\"Recruiting\"`, `\"Completed\"`, …), `conditions`, `interventions.name`, `sponsors.name`, `registry` (`\"ClinicalTrials.gov\"`, `\"UMIN-CTR\"`, …), `design.studyType` (`\"Interventional\"`, `\"Observational\"`)\n\n**Grant filters**: `agency`, `organization`, `piName`, `country` (ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, e.g. `\"USA\"`, `\"GBR\"`), `dataSource` (`\"NIH RePORTER\"`, `\"NSF\"`, …)\n\nExample: `f=trialState.phase:\"Phase III\" trialState.overallStatus:\"Recruiting\"`\n\n**Date range filters** use `gte` (>=) and `lt` (<) suffixes with ISO dates or epoch milliseconds:\n`f=dates.startDategte:\"2024-01-01\" dates.startDatelt:\"2025-01-01\"`.\nEpoch ms: `f=dates.startDategte:\"1704067200000\" dates.startDatelt:\"1735689600000\"`.\nDates without a timezone are interpreted as UTC. Timezone offsets are supported:\n`\"2024-01-01T00:00:00+05:00\"`. No space between the field name and the suffix.\n\n### `s` — sort mode\n\nDefault is `_relevance`. Call `GET /schema` to discover sortable fields per dataset.\n\n## Response format note\n\nSome fields in search and detail responses may be either a plain string or an object\n`{\"id\": \"...\", \"name\": \"...\"}` (and optionally `\"highlighted\": \"...\"`), depending on the\nquery. Consumers should handle both shapes, e.g. `value.id ?? value.name ?? value`."},{"name":"PubMed Source Tallies","description":"Retrieve tallies indicating how many times a given paper was cited by documents of various types from PubMed (e.g. how many times was a given DOI cited by practice guidelines)."},{"name":"Reference Check","description":"Schedule and retrieve reference check jobs. Note that a paid license is required for this feature (please email sales@scite.ai for more information).\n\nFor an example output report: [see here](https://scite.ai/reference-check/683e0cbc-b322-4692-be6d-f5432b4a453c)."},{"name":"Journal","description":"\nRetrieve aggregate information about journals by ISSN.\n\n### ISSN Format ###\n\nA valid ISSN is in the format `dddd-dddC`, where:\n\n```\n- d = any decimal digit (0-9)\n- C = checksum (0-9 or X)\n```"},{"name":"Authors","description":"Retrieve author metadata and papers by author slug."},{"name":"Paper recommendations","description":"Get recommended papers to read given a DOI.\n\nUsing the Recommendations API for commercial or research use requires a separate license agreement not covered by individual plans. Please email sales@scite.ai for more information."}],"security":[{"BearerAuth":[]}]}